A Friend Indeed Essay

I enjoyed Bill Sackter’s story in the documentary, A Friend Indeed. It showed me that although he had a hard past and mental deficiencies, he can overcome them, and make the most out of his life. With his positive and enjoyable attitude, he inspired many people; naturally gaining popularity for his personality. Back then, it was very different with the treatment of people with disabilities then it is now. If a child was disabled, they would be separated from their family and sent to an institution. In Bill’s case, he was taken from his family at the young age of seven. Bill never had any contact with his family ever since he was admitted to the institution. According to Bill’s stories, the institution was very harsh and violated many human rights. One story Bill shared with his friend explained why Bill always wanted to wear wigs. While giving a boy with epilepsy a bath, the boy began to have a seizure. Bill went to get an aid, but to his mistake, he went to the â€Å"mean† one. The aid grabbed Bill’s hair and threw him down the staircase; the hair still in the aid’s hand. This shocked and angered me on the horrible treatment disabled people were put through. It was extremely wrong to treat people like that; it completely violated human rights. I think that people have a predisposition to treat disabled people differently; and that’s wrong, in my opinion. In A Friend Indeed, Bill was working and doing things that mostly anyone can do; disabled or not. He proved that he could overcome his disadvantages. He became an inspirational figure while doing it, too. People should not give judgment to the disabled. The disabled are people, too, and should be treated on equal terms as everyone else.

National Diabetes Fact

A Health Problem The diabetes is a disease which is characterized by the absence of insulin properly on the body. Also, the name diabetes has its origin in ancient Greece and Rome, and diabetes means â€Å"sweet†. In addition, this disease has been around the history of human beings for thousands of years. For example, there are manuscripts in Egyptian before of Christ that described to people to urinate frequently, and in Asia some doctors described people who suffered tiredness, skin boils and thirst.Recently, the diabetes has been grouped into three types which are type1 occurs when pancreas produces little or no insulin , type 2 is when the body becomes resistant to insulin or produces not enough blood sugar level, and gestational is in women who develop high blood sugar during pregnancy. Meanwhile, according to National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP), in Its National Diabetes Fact Sheet 2011 (NDFS), based on data released by The Depar tment of Health and Human Services (DHHS) in year 2011, diabetes affects 25. million people 8. 3% of the U. S population and this disease has became in the seventh cause of death in the United States. Moreover, based on information from National Business Coalition on Health (NBCH) , in its Action Brief (AB) on February 2012, the diabetes expenses were of 174 billion annually in direct medical and indirect costs which had estimated for year 2007 in the United States.In simpler terms, the diabetes has became in serious health problem that produces diverse expenses to diabetics ,so an away to avoid expenses derived of this disease is research what factors can produce diabetes?. Finally, the diabetes produces high medical expenditures for hospital, physician, and prescription medicines to treat diabetes which is a disease caused for three serious disorders are related to obesity, genetic, and stress.First, the most common cause of diabetes is obesity which is related to physical inactiv ity, eating disorders, and genetic. Next, obesity is excess body fat which is commonly measured through mass index which is a ratio of body weight to height, so people are considered obese when their mass index is of 30 or higher ( based on information from National Institutes of Health (NIH), in its Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults ( CGIETOOA) in year 1998) .Also, obesity is serious factor of risk for people because they are more susceptible to develop type 2 diabetes in which the body produces some but not enough insulin or is resistant to insulin; therefore, type 2 diabetes is associated to lack of physical activity. In other words, physical actives produce general health benefits such as blood sugar and pressure properly for adults and children because it is any form of exercise or movement such as household chores, yard work, walking, running, basketballs, or other sports.Moreover, insulin resistance has ob served metabolic abnormalities which are produced for morbidity, so obese subjects have this characteristic of insulin resistance because they lack of physical activities. In the second place, obesity is connect to diet improperly that has high levels of calories more than the body can metabolize, and this type of eating disorders has been result of fast food. In particular, people who eat more calories which are acquired through fast food or unhealthy food suffer of overweight.Too, overweight is characterized for abdominal fat that people can observe in increasing size of waist, hips, and deformation the body in specific areas. Due to, eating disorders produce overweight the metabolic body start to suffer changes that affected to insulin production because overeating produces a fighting into insulin production, so the body does not use insulin well and the result is unbalance in blood sugar level and people become in diabetics. Third, genetic frequently produce obesity that develop s diabetes.In this case, genetic is derived from parents or close relatives, so children are who suffers lineal consequences from obesity because it generally occurs in first year of life. Mainly, children are diagnostic diabetics because their bodies develop an insulin resistance or the pancreas does not produce insulin. As well, rare illnesses produce obesity as hypothyroidism which is disease produced abnormality of thyroid gland that does not produce quantities of hormone properly, among others.Finally, obesity is a cause of diabetes, but obesity generally develops type 2 diabetes which has a treatment through pills, diet and exercise, and this type of diabetes produce a codependency to pills. Typically, codependency to medicaments has raised abruptly, so this produce high expenditure in prescription medicines. Moreover, if population does not deplete the tendency of this disease, the expenses for effects of diabetes as hospital and physician too could continue incrementing. In effect, prescription medicines to treat diabetes increased 85. percent in the period of 1996 to 2003 (Olin, Gary 2006). To conclude, obesity that is risk factor for diabetes can avoid it through little changes in diet and style life more dynamic, so these little changes give positive effect economic and healthy. Second, the production of blood sugar levels is produced for genetic which is linked to factors as family history, racial and ethnic groups, metabolic reaction on diet , and rare gene. In addition, family history has an important connection with diabetes because this disease can be transmitted through of genes.In other words, diabetes has produced for a genetically disorder, so children born with diabetes because they have first degree relatives which are diabetics. Moreover, this characteristic is type1 diabetes in where the pancreas produces little or no insulin, so type 1 diabetics are insulin dependent and they daily need insulin shots to live. Furthermore, this type dia betes occurs in children, adolescents and adults, and type 1 diabetes is the most severe form of this disease in which people suffer serious complications of health as amputations, dialysis, diabetic comas, among others.Consequently, diabetics who suffer type 1 have more expenditure of hospital and treatment because their body develops complex situations of health. Next, racial and ethnic groups has a genetic predisposition diabetes, so natives and diverse tribes as American and Australian have people who suffer of diabetes. For example, some investigation have find that tribes in Arizona Pima and Papago their ethnic populations have the highest incidence of diabetes in the world, Seri a tribe in Mexico has suffered diabetes, and the Aborigines in Australia have developed diabetes (Nabhan, Gary Paul, 2004).In particular, ethnic groups , indigenous, native Americans, aborigines have involved diabetes (Nabhan, Gary Paul, 2004). Besides, the relation between racial and ethnic groups wh o has developed diabetes is caused for metabolic reaction on diet that has changed abruptly because their native food was plants which slow sugar and water loss qualities, so their metabolisms have adapted over time to the presence desert food.As a result, racial and ethic groups have changed native food by fast food, so the incidence of diabetes skyrocketed with heart disease and high cholesterol due to the metabolic reaction of these racial groups is different genetically. Another, factor is linked to appear of diabetes is particular gene called thrifty gene that indigenous hunter and gatherers have presumed to maintain as an adaptation to a feast –famine existence, so this thrifty gene has attributed the difference in blood insulin (Originally hypothesized by Neel, James in 1962).Subsequently, syndrome X (Nabhan, Gary Paul, 2004). has linked to genetic as responsible of appears diabetes, so racial and ethnic groups has increased risk of diabetes because they have access to groceries, alcohol and cigarettes and these groups expressed a cluster of conditions as high blood pressure, high triglycerides, cholesterol and obesity. Finally, ethnic groups have increased their predisposition of diabetes, and this produce more medical expenses to families who have relatives with diabetes.Finally, levels of blood sugar are lead to stress that is related to endocrine system, psychological aspects, and socioeconomic aspects. First, stress which is the state manifested by reaction that induced changes in biological system produces blood sugar improperly, and the endocrine system includes the master glands which are part of pancreas concerned with sugar metabolism. Second, an important part is the reaction of hypothalamus that is part of brain, so when a person is under physical or emotional stress its cerebral cortex sends messages at the hypothalamus.Then, hypothalamus produces releasing factors and these stimulate a part called the pituitary that secrete Adrenoco rticotropic hormones (ACTH) outer part of adrenal gland, in turn releases the glucocorticoid hormones that is blood and sugar raising, and TTH the thyroid gland secrete other substances. Consequently, ACTH and TTH thus cooperate in preparing the body to meet challenge of stress by making sugar available for cellular metabolism by increasing the metabolic rate of the cells.Moreover, a person that exposed a serious levels of stress repeats this process before mentioned sometimes, and this subject is exposed high blood sugar during this time so this person can develop diabetes, occasionally. Another aspect that is linked to stress is psychological that occurs when people are exposed to emotional circumstances, so diabetes appears when significant changes occurred in a person’s life .For example, adolescents who have attitudes and patterns of life adjustment, so they acquired the diabetes in middle age because a prominent though often suppressed of repressed conviction of having been starved of maternal love; in some cases caused for death of mother or a divorce. Inevitably, adolescents substitute calories for emotional nourishment, and teenagers with this emotional deprivation acquire a simulation of starvation that contributes a process of diabetes.Clearly, adolescents disturb their metabolism, so they involve in problem of obesity because adolescents suffer of night eating that only is one expression of emotional state; in these cases (Wolff, Harol G. in 1968) the therapy of obesity with problems of life adjustment is needed for releasing of depression. As well, socioeconomic aspects of stress have been incidents of diabetes, and people, who are involved in stressed situation because their low income and economic insecurity, are more predispose to illness.To illustrate, people that cope with urban poverty their life expectancy is less because they suffer chronic illness as heart, asthma, and diabetes. Furthermore, urban poverty is linked to inferior educ ation, racial discrimination, overcrowding, and crimes, among others; all these are factors stressors that affect the emotional balance of body, and these stressors become a chronic condition for residents. Consequently, stress is reaction of body when residents are exposed or involved to abnormal conditions which are ecological, psychological, social, biological, socioeconomics, genetic, among others.As a result, illnesses that are caused by stress as diabetes have incremented expenditure attributable to prescription medicines, hospitalization, medical appointments, and virtually diabetes caused for stress require a complex treatment physical and psychological for its management properly. On the whole, families could suffer financial problems by diabetes because this disease produces medical events. In short, diabetes is a chronic disease that affects insulin production of body, and the most common causes of this illness are obesity, predisposition genetic, and high or abnormal lev els of stress.Also, statistical data show high expenditures attributable to diabetes in United States mainly for hospitalization, medication, and physician support in managing this disease. In addition, obesity and the stress that are two of the three most common causes of diabetes will avoid through simple methods or routine that residents add to style life. For example, residents will avoid eating fast food and replace for health food, or they will try to practice sports. Moreover, citizens will look for method or technique that combats to stress properly.On the other hand, predisposition genetic that is one cause of diabetes will result complex situation, but this risk factor will be managing through of diagnostic pre-diabetes. In other words, financial costs will be regularized or controlled when communities and residents join and realize health programs about prevention and control of diabetes. Inevitably, this problematic situation requires of teamwork, and control of diabetes will reflect in billon dollars. Finally, population will be awareness that serious disease called diabetes has preventable.Work Cited Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. â€Å"National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates andgeneral information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011†. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. â€Å"Economic Costs Of Diabetes In The U. S. In 2007. † Diabetes Care 31. 3 (2008): 596-615. MEDLINE. Web. 1 Apr. 2012. Gordo, James S. Stress Management. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2001. pp. 13-52 Leahy Jack L. , Nathaniel G. Clark, and William T. Cefalu.Medical Management Of Diabetes Mellitus. M. Dekker, 2000. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 1 Apr. 2012. Liberatore, Stephanie. †Q: what causes diabetes, and how does it affect a person’s health? † The Science teacher 76. 6 (2009):68. General OneFile. Web. 27 Mar. 201 2. Nabhan, Gary Paul. Why Some Like It Hot: food, genes, and cultural diversity. United Stated of America: Island Press, 2004. pp. 163-185 Olin, G. Proportion and Medical Expenditures of Adults Being Treated for Diabetes, 1996 and 2003.Statistical Brief #146. October 2006. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,Rockville, Md. http:/www. meps. ahrq. gov/mepsweb/data-files/publications/st146. pdf Paul, Tim Dall, and Plamen Nikolov. â€Å"Economic Costs Of Diabetes In The US In 2002. † Diabetes Care 26. 3 (2003): 917-932. MEDLINE. Web. 1 Apr. 2012. Peacock, Judith. â€Å"Chapter #1: What Is Diabetes?. † Diabetes (0-7368-0277-0). 4. Capstone Press, 2000. Health Source – Consumer Edition. Web. 1 Apr. 2012. Wollff, Harold G. Stress and Disease. Washington: Charles C Thomas, 1968. pp. 92-97

Angular Acceleration in a Rotational Motion Lab Report

Angular Acceleration in a Rotational Motion Summary sheet Objective The experiment aims at determining terminal angular velo and angular acceleration in a rotational motion. It also aims at determining involved moment of inertia in the experiment and compares the experimental value with the theoretically computed value. Method The experiment used a wheel, a rope, and a suspended mass. The wheel was fixed at a height and the mass suspended on the rope that was attached to the freely rotational wheel. The radius of the wheel was measured and recorded. The height between the affixed mass and the floor, representing the distance to be travelled by the mass, was then measured and recorded. The mass, 20 grams, was then released to fall over the height. Time taken by the mass over the distance was measured and the experiment repeated three times. The experiment was repeated for different masses, 50 g, 70 g, and 100 g, and the time taken for each mass to travel over the distance noted. Results The research results and subsequently derived values are shown bellow. mass 20 g 50 g 70 g 100 g distance 0.9 m 0.9 m 0.9 m 0.9 m time tken by the falling mass first trial 4.135 2.79 2.03 1.89 second trial 4.25 2.58 2.37 1.8 third trial 4.085 2.62 2.1 1.99 average time 4.15 2.66 2.16 1.89 average velocity 0.216 0.34 0.417 0.479 final velocity 0.436 0.68 0.8358 0.956 acceleration 0.105 0.255 0.3857 0.507 angular acceleration 1.039 2.522 3.815 4.99 tension in the tape 0.149 0.478 0.659 0.931 torque acting on the wheel axle 0.02 0.0483 0.0667 0.0941 total mass of the wheel (M) 3.799kg circumference of the wheel 0.655 m radius of the wheel 0.1011m frictional torque from the graph 0 calculated inertia 0.0194 measured inertia 0.191 moment of inertia, percentage difference 1.53 % Applications One of the practical applications of rotational motion and its associated inertia is the balancing of weight on bicycles. While a bicycle is stationary, it is very difficult to balance its weight and other weights that may be placed on it. The rotational force of the wheels that results in the vessels motion however induces inertial that makes balancing easier and prevents the bicycle from falling. The concept of rotational inertia is also applicable in explaining relatively larger forces in operating objects with circular shapes. An example is an umbrella whose opening and closing requires larger forces that even the mass of the objects. The extra force is determined by the distribution of particles in the umbrella and not mass only. Consequently, an umbrella has a larger inertia, relative to its mass, because of rotational properties that are characteristics of its particles’ distribution (Goswami, p. 105). Calculations Average and final velocities are computed from the formula, Velocity = distance/ time. For the 20 g mass, Average velocity= 0.9/4.15 = 0.216 m/s (trancated) The other velocities are similarly calculated from corresponding distances and times. Acceleration =change in velocity/ time. Therefore acceleration for the 20 g mass= 0.436/4.15 =0.0105. The other accelerations are similarly calculated. Percentage error = {(calculated inertia- measured inertia)/calculated inertia}*100 ={(0.0.0194-0.0191)/0.0194}*100 =(0.0003/0.0194)*100 =1.54 % Works cited Goswami, Amit. The physicists’ view of nature. New York, NY: Springer

Information Technology Investment Financial Analysis Essay

Information Technology Investment Financial Analysis - Essay Example The several cost items of IT help desk service are labor cost, material cost, cost of electricity, cost of computer and cost of software. The cost structure of IT help desk service provides several levels of support to focus on the problem. The job of first level support is to identify the adequate information about the problem. The job of second level support is to provide higher technical skills to the first level and the job of third level support is to hire technical specialist to solve the problem within a specified time (Mahoney 1-16). The scope of E-mail service is to provide online services. Anyone can access e-mail through computer, personal laptop and mobile phone. The financial objective of e-mail service is to increase the profit by providing best services to the people along with better convenience (Mahoney 1-16). The function of email service is to exchange messages or information through online for different purposes that include communicating with customers, money transaction and sale of products and/or services (Mahoney 1-16). The various cost items of E-mail service are cost of material, cost of electricity, cost of internet, and cost of computer or personal laptop, which are described as cost of equipment. The cost structure of enterprise system, required for the resources are the cost of product planning, cost of delivery service and cost of marketing (Mahoney 1-16). The scope of enterprise system is related to Supply Chain Management, relationship management and obtaining the objectives of an organization. The financial objective of enterprise system is to increase profit by enhancing financial performance and market value of an organization (Mahoney 1-16). The cost items of enterprise system are cost of material, cost of labor, cost of product and cost of accounts. The cost structure of E-mail service are two types such as cost driven as well as value driven and it focus

News media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

News media - Essay Example in Papademas 11), which states that all individuals have the freedom to express and impart opinions using the media as a vehicle to convey their thoughts, even in the presence of boundaries (Papademas 11). Recognizably, people rely on news reports whether on print, television, radio, or the web, when in search of updated information about the happenings in the society. However, the freedom, enjoyed by most journalists now, has turned out to become the cause of some people’s nightmare, and the reason to this is the excessive invasion of privacy by the journalists themselves. Many incidents of privacy invasion are reported every year around the world, and as a consequence, many journalists were sued due to their repeated disrespect. According to Merrill (qtd. in Gordon et al.), seriously considering the idea of privacy for journalists is like committing suicide because the nature of their job is basically to gather and give information, and privacy is always hard to apply in this situation. Hence, if that is the case, then it would be impossible to expect that the invasion of privacy will somehow come to an end at this

International Production and Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

International Production and Trade - Essay Example Dumping has led to development and enactment of various rules and regulations for international trade to foster more cooperation among different countries. Lack of proper and comprehensive and binding international trade regulations, tensions between trading partners are likely as states try to maximize domestic gains from trade, often at the expense of trading partners’ welfare. Chapter six of the notes also deals with selling products from one country to a different country, is likely to affect the domestic business and trade in the importing country. This requires the government to formulate laws and regulations to enable a level playing ground for all players in the business, both local and international trade. International traders are likely to bring in cheaper products and services that are likely to disrupt the demand and supply of the business environment and will greatly affect the sales in of the local businesses, thus leading to losses and loss of jobs in the count ry. There is need to have in place regulatory measures to ensure there is a level playing field and that international trade does not affect the local businesses in the negative way (Fried 34). ... WTO ensures that all the rules and agreements entered in to by various countries are observed to the later and the countries failing to follow the rules will be punished through appropriated sanctions from the body. Chapter six also discusses the various perspectives of international trade. The three main perspectives of international trade include the Liberals, mercantilists and structuralists, who have different views and opinions regarding to how trade should be conducted on the international scene. For liberalists, international trade should be conducted using the ideas of thinkers such as ideas of Smith and Ricardo, who give various conditions within which the trade can flourish on the international arena. In Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage, he provided liberal ideas about how trade can flourish between countries using their strengths and weakness in terms of their production of goods and services. According to both Ricardo and Smith, global trade should not be based on who can produce the most of any give product, since this can be disadvantageous for businesses due to the limitations of scarce resources. This limitation means that no particular country can produce as much as it wants of all goods and services; opportunity cost must therefore be considered. Absolute advantage cannot therefore be relied on as a policy for international trade. On the other hand, comparative advantage is the best policy because it allows countries to produce whatever they can produce efficiently and then getting the other products from other countries or businesses that also have a comparative advantage in the production of such products and services. According to

Education System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education System - Essay Example The Equal Status Act, 2000 is guided by the principle of equal rights and participation among community members (Houses of the Oireachtus, 2006). The Act includes access to service, facilities and amenities across ethnicity, age, gender, religious beliefs, sexual orientation, political affiliation or physical and mental ability, or membership of a traveller community. However, there is a distinct lack of empirical evaluation of actual classroom practices of equality as provided by teachers and schools (Breen, 1998; Breen & Jonsson, 2005). Issues of exclusion within the education system reflect concerns for the learning attainments of groups that are differentiated by language, religion, ideology or culture, socio-economic status or who are political or economic immigrants. Socio-economic and political infrastructure within the Republic aims to cultivate within students a sense of "inclusive identity", which requires classroom practices that respect different traditions across community aggregates, and that encourage tolerance, acceptance and respect for social differences (Center for the Study of conflict [CAINS], 1996). Inclusive education requires that all students are recognised as part of both the school and wider community, regardless of the students learning strengths and weaknesses (Hanafin & Lynch, 2002). The principles of inclusive education contributed to the development of a national education program, Delivering Equality of Opportunity in Schools (DEIS) (Department of Education & Science, 2006). However, literature reviewing the effectiveness of the program is lacking.This research proposal aims to evaluate current classroom practices of equality and inclusiveness with regard to socio-economic status amongst secondary students in the Republic. A pre-post research design will be used, incorporating a mixed method of student surveys and end of term grades. The final thesis will be divided in to five chapters; 1) An Introduction to the topic; 2) A Literature Review of relevant empirical studies to identify the present state of research, to identify gaps so as to develop the research hypotheses; 3) A Method section to outline the school's characteristics, participant demographics, selection criteria and the obtaining of informed consent, as well as detailing the research design, materials to be used, and the procedure of the study; 4) The Results section will provide the findings of analyses and include tables and graphs as appropriate; and 5) A Discussion section, which will identify i f the hypotheses were supported or not whilst linking findings to current discourse as presented in the Literature Review. The limitations of the study will also be delineated, and recommendations for future empirical research shall be made.It is anticipated that this research project will positively contribute to the development of chaplaincy programs that will support equality of access to education, and enhance inclusiveness within schools of the Republic. References Breen, R. (1998). The persistence of class origin inequalities among school leavers in the Republic of Ireland,

Clifford Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Clifford - Essay Example Evidential theory was therefore seen as an attempt to disrupt the peoples believes in God, because it justified an action basing on the existence of an evidence to support the claim. The position of this paper, is that the theory of evidentialism is the best method of justifying the occurrences of events and a belief in a deity. Arguments: According to the theory of evidentialism, an individual needs to believe an issue or an idea only if there is sufficient evidence that proves the issue or idea is correct. Clifford (2) argues that there is no justification for an individual to believe on a claim or idea without observing any sufficient evidence. According to Clifford (2) this kind of a person violates the law that regulates the ethics of belief. On the other hand, Clifford also argues that when the evidence is sufficient enough to prove a claim, and people still do not believe a claim, then these people are also guilty of breaching the laws that regulate the ethics of belief (Cliff ord, 7). On this basis, it is important to denote that belief has a law, and the main tenet of this law lies on the existence of an evidence. Clifford (1) effectively manages to use the example of a ship owner for purposes of explaining and justifying his theories of evidentialism. For instance, Clifford denotes that a ship owner failed to observe the laws that govern the ethics of belief by allowing his ship to sail, when he had doubts over the capability of the same ship to make a voyage. The ship under consideration was old, and needed many repairs (Clifford, 2). Despite these facts, the ship owner decided to allow the ship to make a voyage, just because the same ship had made many successful voyages before, and in the same condition. This, in Clifford’s view is against the laws that govern and regulate the ethics of belief. On this basis therefore, the ship owner was wrong, and it doesn’t matter whether the voyage was successful or not. From his explanations, we ca n denote that Clifford was of the opinion that the ship owner had an option of carrying out an investigation to prove on the ability of the ship to make a voyage. This is by making the necessary repairs, and having experts to examine its capability. The ship owner comes under severe criticisms from Clifford, because his actions were based on faith and providence, and in Clifford’s opinion, these do not justify the belief of a claim (Clifford, 12). Clifford also gives an explanation of consciousnes

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Summary - Assignment Example In the late medieval period, they were believed to have adopted a hunter-gatherer mode of life. It is an important revelation, for everywhere else in the world agriculture and urbanization has already become entrenched. Bison was a great stock prey during the time as the ecology of the Great Plains suited it well. In many of the cave paintings from this period, we can see how bison was an emblematic animal for the entire community. It is important to remember that, despite common features, native American culture is not one monolithic system. The breadth and width of the continent’s landscape, with its varied climates, geographies and ecologies, made adapting to local conditions an imperative. As a result, we see different set of customs and norms being practiced in the Great Basin, Pacific Coast or Eastern Woodlands. Likewise, in contrast to the widespread adoption of hunter-gatherer lifestyle, native Indian cultures of South-western and Woodland Burial Mound regions practiced agriculture. The social organization of these regions was also different, in that they were chiefdoms, with a definite hierarchy among its members. Just as Spanish Conquistadors started trickling into the continent in the late 15th century, the meso-American culture became predominant. This unique culture retained many key traits of the community’s traditions while also including new elements that they were introduced to. It is an unfortunate fact of history that despite the amicable and warm welcome of the conquistadors by native Americans, the former did not reciprocate the hospitality. After having acquainted themselves with the exotic culture of the natives, the conquistadors systematically proceeded to dominate the defenceless natives. Those who had the courage to resist domination and exploitation were ruthlessly rounded up and executed. As a

Evas death Essay Example for Free

Evas death Essay Also at the beginning of the play, Mr and Mrs. Birling come across as a well-off couple who are very well educated and in the public eye a lot when Mr Birling says to Gerald, I could be in line for a knighthood, providing nothing goes wrong. This means that if a scandal is linked with his family, then the public will turn against him, and therefore he wont be able to get a knighthood. Because of this, the audience wouldnt expect them to behave in the way they did, and when we find out what they did, and the affect they had on Eva Smith/ Daisy Renton, its quite shocking to see that they were both somehow involved in her death. And when we find out the reasons behind what they did, it changes the impression we get of them, and you see that they are quite selfish and take advantage of the power they have and who they inflict it upon. They are both quite wrapped up in their own lives, and anything that would lose them money or cause them grief, they take no notice of and dismiss the idea. Sheila and Eric are Mr and Mrs. Birlings children. At the beginning of the play Sheila comes across as a bit childish and immature and maybe still relies on her mum and dad a lot when she say, yes, go on, mummy. You must drink our health. We get an impression of Sheila as being naive and shallow, but her comment, last summer, when you never came near me, which refers to Gerald, may suggest to us that she isnt as stupid as she may seem. Eric seems a bit more mischievous and much more naive than Sheila, in the way he talks and how he acts. He seems embarrassed and nervous, as soon as he is mentioned in the play, as it says, Eric suddenly guffaws, and then doesnt tell the other characters why he came out with it, which suggests he is nervous about something, which we later find out that it is the money he recently stole from his father, Mr. Birling. hI think Mr and Mrs. Birling are more ashamed of Eric and careful that he doesnt do anything stupid to embarrass the family, but the family seem to get on with each other quite well, although you get the impression that there is some tension between Eric and Mr. Birling, when Gerald, Mr. Birling and Eric are talking about womens love of clothes before the Inspector arrives. Sheila also has a link with Eva, who was employed at Milwards, because Sheila thought Eva, was laughing at her when she tried on a dress that didnt suit her. Eva was prettier than Sheila and the dress suited her more, which made Sheila irritated and envious of Eva, so she was guilty of a deadly sin, which was envy. Erics link with Eva was that he met her in the palace bar one thing lead to another and he got her pregnant, which made him guilty of lust towards Eva. Although Eric doesnt seem very responsible he shows some initiative, as he was concerned enough to give Eva some money, which shows his priority was Evas future and not necessarily the consequences of stealing from Mr. Birlings office. I dont think the audience are too shocked to find out what Eric and Sheila are capable of, because they are young and quite naive, and they dont seem to have much empathy towards other people, maybe because they havent experienced the things Eva has before. Their actions can be linked to their parents as they have a lot of power, so this may be filtered down to them, which they might exploit and take advantage of. By the end of the play Eric and Sheila have changed more than the other characters. Sheila feels extremely guilty for what she has done to Eva and frequently cries and sobs when the Inspector mentions Eva in the infirmary. Eric also feels guilty for what he did to Eva, he says, the girls dead and we all helped to kill her- and thats what matters. I think they have both changed because they are young and impressionable, whereas Mr and Mrs. Birling refuse to take responsibility for Evas death to save their reputation, and they have never been forced to examine their consciences before and they find that they cant do it now, and are relieved when they find out the Inspector wasnt real and want to forget about it and move on. At the start of the play we find out that Gerald is from a family who are socially better than the Birlings. We know this because after Mr.Birling tells Gerald he has the same port as his father gets, Gerald says, The governor prides himself on being a good judge of port. Gerald is also described as an attractive chap about thirty, rather too manly to be a dandy but very much the easy well-bred man-about-town. We also know that he is the son of Lord and Lady Croft, and we are given the impression that they are not to keen on the engagement of Gerald and Sheila as they didnt accept the invitation to the dinner. This makes us wander why Gerald would want to marry a woman of a lower status than him. Gerald was involved with Eva when he met her at the palace bar and let her stay in his friends empty flat in Bromley, as she had nowhere to stay, and he felt sorry for her. Eva, or Daisy Renton as Gerald knew her as, was his mistress for a time until she had to move out because Gerald was away on business. His involvement with Eva was different to the rest of the characters, because he actually tried to help her and did something good. In a way his actions are the most shocking because he is better-off than even the Birlings, so you wouldnt expect him to help out someone like Eva who hangs around in places like the palace bar, and you would have thought he would look down on people like her, and have no sympathy for them. I dont think his actions fit in with the Gerald at the beginning of the play because he tells Sheila the reason why he didnt see her much last summer was because he was busy at work, when he was with Eva at the flat, so we find out he was lying to Sheila, which you wouldnt have thought hed do as he says he wants to be part of the family and they seem to have a lot of respect for each other. Although Gerald seems moved by the news of Evas death, he isnt entirely willing to admit his involvement with her, and this could be because of the same reason as Mr. Birling, that he wants to protect his own interests. At the end of the play he tries to come up with as much evidence as possible to prove that the Inspector isnt real, which could potentially get him off the hook, if he could convince the rest of the characters that they had been hoaxed.

The Philosophies Within Macbeth

The Philosophies Within Macbeth The play Macbeth is a historically popular play, with many different themes such iambic pentameter, equivocation, prophetic fallacy, imagery and tones. The statement fair is foul, and foul is fair will be discussed and analysed to see how it is reflected throughout the play. As well as Implicit and explicit meanings will be discussed about characters and objects, to see how they contrast with the statement. Then evaluating the structure, language and style of how the play is written, allowing opinions to be given and supported by evidence. Shakespeare begins the play with the introduction of the witches. They can only be described as ambiguous creatures and questionably human. They create an image of mystery and evil: they will meet When the battle is lost and won (1:1:4), a weird and contradicting statement which resembles their personalities and values. The witches express their evil with their chant and the final couplet, Fair is foul, and foul is fair (1:1:9), this statement violates Gods natural order, because good is bad and bad is good. The witches also give the image of evil by the way they dress and act. They are dressed in black robes and constantly circling each other as they talk and speak in weird rhymes and tones; also the sky is always dark and thunderous when they are present, which is the theme pathetic fallacy. Pathetic fallacy means the attributes of human emotions or characteristics relate to nature. Therefore the thunder and lightning that occur when the witches appear symbolizes they are evil, scary and violent. This runs throughout the play using light and the weather to contrast feelings and emotions of characters, the mood of the moment, as light being seen as fair and the dark being seen as foul. Scene 2 evaporates the shadowy world of the witches from scene one to a physical and masculine world of honour and strength, its travelled from foul to fair. Macbeth doesnt become visible yet, however the Captain and Ross begin describing and personifying him: Disdaining fortune (1:2:17), which means unafraid of his own safety, Valours minion (1:2:19); this gives him the image of a respectable and epic hero; he is a fair warrior. At this point in the play Macbeth is completely in control of himself, a well regarded man and metaphorically a walking God as he is described as, Bellonas bridegroom (1:2:56), a fit husband for the roman Goddess of war. Macbeth and his loyal friend Banquo who is also a highly respectable man encounter the witches. Macbeth states just before they come across the witches, So foul and fair a day I have not seen (1:3:36), this statement echos the witches. Macbeth is stating the weather that its one of those days where fog is followed by sunshine, then a thunderstorm and some hail and more sunshine, all use of prophetic fallacy to create and weird and unsettling image. When the witches are seen, Banquo questions their look, That look not like thinhabitaints othearth and yet are ont? (1:3:39-40), clearly Banquo notices the appearance of the witches, he knows that something weird is happening and cant trust what they say, therefore the feeling from Banquo is pessimistic of the witches and also he acknowledges things not being what they seem. The witches predict to Macbeth and Banquo the future, divulging in information that will turn Macbeth from Fair to Foul. Macbeth is more intrigued, even though Banquo warns Macbeth by saying, instruments of darkness (1:3:123), Macbeth ignores the warning from his friend and is still ambitious on finding more information. Macbeth is beginning to act foul as he is selfish and demands more from the witches. By using dramatic irony the audience knows that these witches are plotting something evil, which can only lead to a disaster. Whereas Banquo is fair knowing the witches are untrustworthy, however he still wants to know their predictions, which is important to his fate, because he also knows the predictions. As the witchs prophecies are told, it is revealed that Macbeth will be thane of Cawdor and King, Macbeth is shocked by this news. Banquo begins by saying, why do you start and seem to fear things that do sound fair?'(1:3:50), the use of fair means good, he is saying to Macbeth, wh y be fearful of these predictions? Maybe Macbeth isnt fearful of these predictions but perhaps already plotting to become king. But Banquo is unhappy that he has not been spoken about, he quizzes the witches, Speak then to me, who neither beg nor fear (1:3:58), when the witches tell Banquo his sons will be king, there is no impression of him being happy with this, instead he says insane root (1:3:82), which means that they have taken something to make them go insane and doesnt believe that what happened is real. The biblical reference here is that Banquo says, What? Can the devil speak true? the witches are being compared to the worst thing possible the devil who is at the bottom of the chain of being; this is giving the real image of how equivocating the witches are, misleading and liars. This statement is also a realization that their predictions are becoming real. A soliloquy is monologue spoken from a character that is alone on stage. The character reveals their inner thoughts and feelings to the audience. It is a useful theme, to understand what the character is thinking. Macbeths Soliloquy begins, Two truths are told (1:3:126), Macbeth has become thane of Cawdor, and is now thinking on how to become king, even with the thought of murder expressed by saying, horrid image (1:3:133), and horrible imaginations (1:3:137) suggest he is thinking of something horrible and possibly murdering Duncan. The soliloquy is powerful, as now we know what he is thinking and feeling, its dramatic irony, as Banquo doesnt know what he is thinking, which creates tension. Macbeth says, Cannot be ill, cannot be good (1:3:130), ill is foul and good is fair Macbeth has acknowledged something unnatural is occurring but because he has, earnest of success, (1:3:131) he is enjoying his new found status and wants more. Banquo, is a smart character, he is suspicious about Macbeth, thou hast it now, king Cawdor, Glamis, all, as the weird women promised, and I fear thou playedst most foully fort'(3:1:1-3), Banquo has acknowledged the foul of Macbeths action, however the fair is, But that myself should be the root and father of many kings'(3:1:5-6), he allows the witches prophecies to be correct in thinking his sons will be king, which shows he is affected by the witches, but in turn this is good, fair as Macbeths sons will not be king. However this is also the time where Banquo is fearful of his own safety knowing he maybe a target as Macbeth could try to kill him and Fleance, Banquos son, to stop him from being king. Macbeth writes a letter to Lady Macbeth which is represented as prose. Shakespeare used prose for the lower status characters such as murderers and servants; however he wasnt afraid to break the rule in letting important characters use it. The letter is entirely appropriate seeing as it is interesting and concise. The letter itself shows love and trust between the relationship of lady Macbeth and Macbeth, Macbeth shows this by saying, my dearest love (1:5:56) and my dearest partner of greatest (1:5:9-10) this shows that Macbeth trusts and loves her. Although it is never mentioned lady Macbeth showing love for Macbeth. I believe that Shakespeare didnt include this, because it would make her look weak. Macbeth is unsure on whether he wants to murder Duncan, she begins plotting straight away; this immediately shows her foul side. Macbeth says I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent (1:7:25-26) which shows his doubts. Lady Macduff has to convince him to do it, by doing so she beco mes almost greater than man or even witch like , Hie thee hither, that I may pour my spirits in thine ear (1,5:24-5) the word spirit is reflective of the witches. She insults Macbeths man hood by calling him a, coward (1:7:43), and beast (1:7:47), these comments, are the worst a man could be called by his wife, this would make him feel humiliated. Macbeth, I dare do all that may become man (1:7:46), as he loves her, he wants to be a man for her. Lady Macbeth also says, how tender tis to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out (1:7:55-56), This is a massive commitment and promise she is giving to Macbeth, she is so ambitious for Macbeth to kill Duncan shell go to the extent of killing her own baby. This statement is a powerful statement, it questions lady Macbeths humanity and sanity, however she does go on to say, had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had donet (2:3:13), wh en she was being bought up she would have seen her father as a God figure, this is evidence that shows she is fair. Another moment of humanity and of Fair, Macduff encounters her as a, Gentle lady (2:3:77) therefore she is known as a good wife and is gentle, Macduff believes she cant handle the news of murder, which is ironic as she had a part to play in his murder. Is Lady Macbeth greedy or ambitious for Macbeth? Does she want to become queen or does she want him to succeed? I believe that deep down they are both greedy and ambitious, however because Macbeth has become Thane of Cawdor and is a true warrior, he should not progress to try and be king as he is not king material. And I also believe that lady Macbeth wants to be queen so she is forcing Macbeth to kill Duncan out of greed, as I believe she is the type of character which strives for power and people to respect and love her, and by coming queen this is how she can get this power, although it is not said. Duncan is a great and well respected character he also introduces the fair and foul theme, when he talks about the treachery of the Thane of Cawdor, what he hath lost, noble Macbeth has won. (1:2:67) he states that the foul in losing and the fair in wining. The castle where Duncan is killed is described by himself as, This castle hath a pleasant seat; the air nimbly and sweetly recommends itself unto our gentle senses this is ironic as it is where he will die. The castle looks fair pretty, welcoming but its a foul place because Duncan and the two guards were killed. Also Banquos death was plotted in the castle. Before the murder of Duncan, Banquo Struggles to sleep and has reminiscence that something is wrong, this could be the affect of the evil witches on him, when he asks Fleance, How goes the night? (2:1:1) Fleance replies The moon is down; I have not heard the clock (2:1:2). The use of prophetic fallacy is implied to compare the moon to whatever is going on the moon has no part of the evil happenings. Also the imagery when Banquo says, their candles are all out (2:1:5), the metaphor of the light has implied that darkness can only mean evil, and the light symbolizes heaven such as God and angels who will not view what is about the happen. The murder of Duncan, Macbeth sees the image of a knife floating in front of him, its almost he is under a spell being forced to murder Duncan. When Macbeth has murdered Duncan he instantly starts to panic and loses all sense of reality because of the vast crime he has committed in killing a king, who is a god figure to him. He completely transforms straight away, earlier in the play he says jump the life too come (1:7:7). But now the word Amen (1:7:7) cannot said because he has ultimately killed God, They pluck out mine eyes. Will all great Neptunes oceans was this blood clean from my hand? No (2:3:62-63) Gods oceans will not clean him, which suggest a total state of damnation. This makes him unrecognizable to any one, this is where he has become a man without a soul, a lost man and a foul man, when Macbeth kills Duncan the natural order is altered. The porter mentions hell-gate (2:3:1-2) when there is a knocking at the gate of the castle, this becomes a reality it has become a castle of deception, fear, distrust, and the castle is hell. The finding of Duncans body, Lady Macbeth faints on hearing the news, this is where her witch and masculine role beings to recess she slowly starts becoming insane, sleep walking, this a result in her paying for her foul crimes. I believe the fainting suggests its the death of her role. Macbeth becomes king however Macduff doesnt attend his ceremony, this is where I believe Macduff has suspicions of Macbeth, he says suborned (2:4:24) which means bribed, however he knows that Macbeth killed the guards, therefore begins to wonder what really happened. Macbeth gets compared as a the devil himself could not pronounce a title more hateful to mine ear (5:7:8) by young Siward, suggesting there is hell and foul to wherever Macbeth is. Lady Macduff and Lady Macbeth both run off the stage screaming when their deaths occur, although not seen. The even hand of justice is being applied because lady Macduff was brutally murdered along with her son, she is shown as being murdered foully, however the fact that Macduff who is away getting reinforcements to get rid of Macbeth, which is a good and fair. Lady Macbeth who kills herself, people are glad she has done so because of the evil and foul that she conducted in her part in plotting Duncans death, so its giving the impression its fair and a balanced is restored. By representing everything natural is good, by using the Burnham wood, which is moving, it gives the impression its cleansing and replenishing fair reality of nature is cleansing the evil foul which is Macbeth. The final scene brings retribution to Macbeth, Macduff challenges his manhood just like lady Macbeth, which encourages Macbeth to carry on fighting, but he dies courageously, this suggest that Macbeth has returned to his Fair heroic status. The tone during the battle scene is that of a happy ending but yet a tragedy recognised by Macbeth. During the battle Macbeth is in his comfort zone, being a warrior and fighting, yet I will try the last (5:9:71) he has become what he once was at the beginning. He has travelled from fair to foul and foul to fair which is the witches prophecy. During the battle scene, he analysis the witches as juggling fiends (7:6:58) knowing they were the reason he did what he did. However he was warned by Banquo but chose not to listen so will pay for it. When Macduff kills Macbeth the natural order is restored. The theme appearance versus reality, things not being what they seem, human necessarys and luxuries such as food and sleep is a constant theme throughout the play. Macbeth, sleep no more: Macbeth does murder sleep, innocent sleep (2:2:38-9) this is his punishment for his crime a living death, without peace or the ability to rest and sleep. Macbeth becomes jealous of Duncan, in restless ecstasy. Duncan is in his grave resting, after lifes fitful fever, he sleeps well (3:2:23-4), Macbeth who is become increasingly insane as time progresses, this is where I believe Macbeth is debating on whether to kill himself and taking the cowardly way out. Macbeth is foul, for his crime and Duncan is resting, fair. Then the contrast of food, being an important way of keeping fit and strong, Macbeth says, ere we eat our meal in fear (3:2:17), because of the murders he has committed evil and chaos is seeping into his life not letting him live peacefully and enjoying the much needed ideals. Lady Macbet h and Macbeth plot Duncans death during Duncans feast, but plan to murder him during his sleep. Later in the play Macbeth breaks down during a feast as he sees the ghost of Banquo which again disturbs Macbeth from consuming food. Macbeth has realized his crime, he is paying for it, he becomes dependent on his wife to clear the feast, Shakespeare suggest foul and fair with the imagery of food, because Macbeth has committed such a foul crime he is denied the fair of a good diet. The imagery of blood runs through the play, Lady Macbeth says, make thick my blood (1:5:40) her blood is a natural function of the body, and naturally feeds a mans capacity for compassion, things she wishes stops. Also rich imagery of clothes misfitting Macbeth, borrowed robes (1:3:126) strange garments (1:3:145) giving the significance that clothing is powerful and has a hidden meaning, the clothes dont fit Macbeth suggesting that he should not be in them or have the position the clothes represent, such as the crown, which is too big for his head, meaning it should not be there as it is too big, which makes Macbeth look ridiculous. This creates an image of concealment or disguise, as Macbeth begins to hide behind his clothes of kingship. Iambic pentameter is the structure of how Shakespeare chose to write the play. It is poetry that doesnt rhyme and tends to have ten syllables a line. The rhythm of the line comes from the fact that usually every second syllable is emphasised. Its usually the most important words that get stressed such as nouns, names, verbs and actions. This gives the key ideas more prominence and the meanings more power. An example of this is where Macbeth ask, if we should fail (1:7:60) lady Macbeth says, we fail? which could be spoken in many different tones, if spoken flatly suggest what will be will be, but if said loudly and emphasised might sound sarcastic and shock. This theme is also flexible, as some lines only contain four or five syllables, so it is given a space to make up for the time. For example; Macbeth: Two truths are told, As happy prologues to the swelling act (1:3:126-127). The space is left, so the character knows to wait, to keep up with the beat. It is also used to whatever ever mood Shakespeare is trying to capture in the character. Iambic pentameter relates to foul and fair because when the witches speak they are being speaking quickly because of the syllables, gives the impression of scary and evil. The theme equivocation which means, concealing the truth, the intention to mislead and also it creates an image of conflict using words such as fair and foul. As well as using words with double meanings. Its a powerful theme that creates tension, suspense and emotions. Shakespeares uses it all through the play, Lady Macbeth during the speech to Macbeth, about killing Duncan, has many equivocating words such, business (1:6:66) is a double meaning for murder, dispatch (1:6:66) is also another term for murder, she uses these words to not scare Macbeth with direct words as she is unsure on how he would react. To conclude this discussion I believe that foul and fair is strict role throughout the play, where there is foul there is fair, a constant balance of god and bad. Shakespeare used many themes to create imagery and suspense. I believe that Macbeths character was suited to stay as a warrior and not to climax any further, by doing so he suffered for it. Lady Macbeth who remained evil throughout was however a good and strong wife, although suffered for her witch like manner. Macduff is the good guy, although leaving his family alone who got brutally murdered, became the good guy for killing Macbeth.

Gender Segregation and Discrimination in CTE :: Females Women Discrimination Essays

Gender Segregation and Discrimination in CTE The Traditional Reality The CTE system before Title IX has been characterized as traditionally dominated by gender segregation and discrimination (National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education 2002). In many cases, females were denied entry into training programs for higher-wage, traditionally male, industry and technical occupations. Gender stereotyping in guidance and counseling practices and materials, bias in teacher practices, and harassment by other students discouraged nontraditional enrollment by females and in practice restricted CTE opportunities for females to lower-wage, traditionally female, health and cosmetology occupations. In short, systematic practices and expectations steered females into home economics and away from shop or auto mechanics. In the long run, the most damaging consequence of such gender bias was to limit females' access to the benefits of CTE—the living wage that provides females the same economic self-sufficiency that males have long enjoyed. The Continuing Reality Unfortunately, CTE is still characterized by pervasive gender segregation and discrimination (National Women's Law Center 2002). Thirty years later, there are still striking gender disparities in guidance and counseling practices, in CTE program enrollment, in the level and quality of classes available in traditionally male and traditionally female CTE programs, and in the wages earned by female and male CTE graduates. An interesting comparison of two surveys (reported in Gloeckner and Knowlton 1995-96), one in Montana in 1980 and another in Virginia in 1995, illustrates a large, enduring gender gap in a critical CTE program area: . In Montana in 1980, females accounted for half of enrollment in only one high school technical education course—51 percent of Graphic Arts students were female. Female enrollment was less than 10 percent in all other high school technical education courses. . In Virginia in 1995, only one high school technical education course, Communications Technology, had about 50 percent female enrollment. In the 32 remaining high school technical education courses, female enrollment was less than 15 percent in 27 course and less than 10 percent in 17 courses. . In 1995, Virginia students explained gender differences in terms that could be considered classic for CTE. Females and males both perceived technology education classes as "guy" classes; females perceived technology education classrooms are dirty, hence unfeminine.

The Comparative Abundance Of The Elements :: essays research papers

The Comparative Abundance of The Elements - There are 92 naturally occurring elements, only 17 of them make up 99.5% of the earth's crust (including oceans and atmosphere). - In living things (plants, animals, people) the six most abundant elements are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. - The universe is dominated by the elements hydrogen (83%) and helium (16%) 1. The Crust The outside of the earth is a thin crust which is approximately 20 to 40km thick. The crust is a formation of dips and hollows which are filled with water to form the oceans and seas. On top of the earth's crust is an atmosphere, this is a thin layer of gases, 95% of these gases are within the first 20km of the earth's surface. Of the 17 elements that make up 99.5%, the most abundant of these are Oxygen 49.2%, Silicon 25%, and Aluminum 7.5%. Then the next most abundant elements are Iron 4.7%, Calcium 3.4%, Sodium 2.6%, Potassium 2.4%, Magnesium 1.9%, Hydrogen 0.9%, titanium 0.6%, Chlorine 0.2%, Phosphorus Manganese and Carbon are all 0.1%, Sulfur 0.05% Barium 0.04%, Nitrogen 0.03% and the rest of the elements on the periodic table take up about 0.5%.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The elements of the crust are graphed below, but only ones that are the most abundant due to the fact that the abundance of the other elements of the crust are too low to graph accurately on one graph.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Almost all elements are found as compounds, however Oxygen, Nitrogen, and to a lesser extent sulfur, gold, silver and platinum are the only elements which can be found in almost there raw sate. The atmosphere contains Oxygen and nitrogen, but it only contains a small portion of the earth's oxygen, this is because most of the world's oxygen is found in water, oxides of metals, and as silicates. Common soils and clays are silicates. 2. Living Things In living things (plants, animals, people) the six most abundant elements are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur (known as CHONPS). Most compounds in living matter are radically complex, each molecule could contain hundreds or thousand's of atoms. Carbohydrates and fats are compounds which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only. Proteins are also compounds and they contain nitrogen, sulfur and occasionally phosphorus. Living matter cannot live on these six elements alone; even though they make up 99% of the mass, they also need some compounds of other elements such as calcium, potassium, sodium,

My Last Duchess by Robert Browning Essay -- Last Duchess Robert Browni

My Last Duchess by Robert Browning In his poem â€Å"My Last Duchess†, Robert Browning gives his readers a complex picture of his two main characters. The Duke, who narrates the poem, is the most immediately present but Browning sets him up to ultimately lose the reader’s trust. The Duchess becomes the sympathetic character, a victim of foul play. It is through the various representations of the Duchess within the poem that we come to know both characters. The representations of the Duchess, which focus on her ever-present smile and easily satisfied nature, come in sharp contrast with the desperate, sputtering language of the Duke as he tries to tell their story on his own terms. This contrast is a manifestation of the Duke's frustration with his inability to control the Duchess and her nonchalant but near-total control over him. The Duchess is first introduced as a painting hanging in the Duke’s gallery. The very form in which we meet her gives us an indication of both her passivity and her ability to persist, unchanged, in one mode of behavior. A painting has very little living communicative power, relying on the expressiveness of its subject at the time of painting. It is notable that no mention is made of any background or accompanying objects in the painting—often in portraiture these elements are relied upon to convey key ideas about the subject. It seems that the Duchess relied solely upon herself and the painter to tell her own story. Even if other objects are in the painting, they are unremarkable enough that neither Duke nor poet feels compelled to mention them. From a literary standpoint, this means that the poet felt that we needed no other initial information about the Duchess. Even at the level of chara... ...haunts him, and by placing it both first and last he drives it home very strongly. He can’t help but repeat that phrase when confronted with the Duchess who is both still smiling and â€Å"as if alive†Ã¢â‚¬â€he is driven mad by the idea that he couldn’t even succeed in killing her. His actions, too, are driven by the Duchess. Since she is still smiling and life-like, despite his best efforts to the contrary, he is driven to the irrational extreme of covering the painting and ensuring that â€Å"none puts by the curtain†¦but [himself]† (9-10) His extraordinary desire to control the Duchess leave him vulnerable to her imperviousness. By remaining unaffected by the Duke’s strenuous efforts to alter her behavior, the Duchess forces the Duke to take more and more drastic measures—like killing her and hiding her painting—and eats away at his ability to even keep control of himself.

Disparity and Discrimination Essay

Many different situations occur within the criminal justice system. The situations that will be discussed in this essay are Pseudospeciation, bigotry vs. racism, hegemony, social construction, and disparity vs. discrimination. There will be definition on these terms. After defining the all terms, I will apply these terms to the criminal justice system using examples to illustrate the understanding of the definitions. Pseudospeciation Pseudospeciation begins with the fact that cultural differences cause humans to separate into different social groups, with different language, dress, customs, ect. Erik Erikson was known as the first person to use this term in 1966 explaining the inhumanity of human groups and human subgroups. For example: People with different religions believed their religion was true and others group’s religions were untrue. The criminal justice system law enforcement officers would have to respect a person religion, the way they dress, their custom, and language. There were necessary accommodations which had to be made by law enforcement officers, by separating the different religion groups so a person would not get harm by another person of a different religion group. Bigotry vs. Racism Bigotry is defined as the state of mind of a bigot. According to Merriam Webster bigotry is a person obstinately or intolerantly devoted to his or her own opinion and prejudices, especially one who regards or treats the member of a group with hatred and intolerance. For example: a person of another race might lock their doors when driving through a neighborhood populated by people of another race. Racism is defined as action, attitude, practices, or beliefs that reflect or support the racial worldview. Racism is a term which is used negatively and is usually associated with race based. The belief of racism is that people are divided into distinct hereditary groups that are innately different in their behavior and abilities. An example of a racism act could be when a young black man is stopped many times while he was driving his car, when he has done nothing wrong. They look inside his car and ask him for license and registration. â€Å"The police stop blacks and Latinos at rates that are much higher than whites. In New York City, where people of color make up about half of the population, 80% of the NYPD stops were of blacks and Latinos. When whites were stopped, only 8% were frisked. When blacks and Latinos are stopped 85% were frisked according to information provided by the NYPD. The same is true most other places as well. In a California study, the ACLU found blacks are three times more likely to be stopped than whites† (Quigley, 2012, Fourteen Examples of Racism in Criminal Justice System). Hegemony Felluga, (2011) â€Å"Hegemony is the processes by which dominant culture maintains its dominant position† (Hegemony). For example, a leader who was able to have control over a group of people might be referred to as hegemony. To keep the populations as a whole form rebelling against leadership hegemony has to have the support from at least one dominate class of people. Disparity vs. Discrimination Disparity in the criminal justice system refers to inequity of arrest and sentencing for certain groups of people. Most of the time it is refers to racial and ethnic disparity while discrimination can be defined as a prejudice. There is a difference in disparity however; the difference does not mean discrimination. For example, A person is arrested for burglary because of the person past crime history, and because this person was close to the scene of the crime. â€Å"To determine if discrimination exists in the criminal justice system or if the differences are a result of disparity one must fully understand the key differences between discrimination and† (Williams, 2009, Justice for All). In the criminal justice system, both discrimination and disparity exists.

Problems and Aspirations of Youth Essay

Abstract Violent crimes such as murder, armed robbery, kidnapping and terrorism are the most inhumane crimes that continue to plague Nigeria. Lately, kidnappings for ransom and terrorism have taken the centre stage leading to bloodshed and economic set -backs. The causes are not farfetched as studies have associated rising youth unemployment to the increase in violent crimes. By using the deprivation theory proposed by Ted Gurr, this study has explored the proximate and ultimate causes involving the youths in violent crimes. If factors that create the feeling of deprivation and frustration created by unemployment are addressed, Nigeria‟s youths will not engage in violent crimes. Keywords: Youth; unemployment; poverty; violence; crime Introduction Creativity and high energy are the characteristics of young people in any nation and if the energy is channelled positively, it will greatly benefit not only the economic prosperity of nations but also enhance the moral values of the youth. When the same energy is used negatively, it will lead to social unrest and economic instability. Labour force of a country is used to measure unemployment and Feyisetan (1991) defines as a set of people or citizens of a country who are willing and are able to make available at any given point in time their efforts for gainful employment. Therefore unemployment is a situation where people are willing to work but could not find employment. According to the International Labour Organization people who are without work but available for and seekin g work; including those who have lost jobs and those who have voluntarily left jobs (World Bank, 1998). On the other hand, violent crime is defined as a crime in which the offender uses or threatens to use violent force upon the victim. This entails violence including robbery with and without arms (Wikipedia, 2010). Global unemployment remained stable at 8% between 2010 and 2011, according to Gallup surveys of 148 countries. Unemployment was highest in the Middle East and North Africa (22%) and sub-Saharan Africa 17% (Marlar, 2012). However, Nigeria‟s unemployment rate is above the sub-region‟s average that increased to 23.9% in 2011 compared with 21.1% in 2010 and 19.7% in 2009 (National Bureau of Statistics, 2012); and is projected to hit 25% by the end of 2012 (USA Embassy in Nigeria, 2012). According to the National Bureau of Statistics (2009:238; 2010:2; 2012), the national unemployment rates for Nigeria between 2000 and 2011 showed that the number of unemployed persons constituted 31.1% in 2000 and it reduced to 11.9% in 2005 but again increased to 23.9% in 2011. Nigeria has a youth population of 80 million, representing 60% of the total population with a growth rate of 2.6% per year and the national demography suggests that the youth population remains vibrant with an average annual entrant to the labour force is 1.8m between 2006 and 2011. Yet, majority of the youth has been either unemployed or under -employed between 2006 and 2011. The overall unemployment rose from 12.3% of Labour force to 23.9% (Awogbenle and Iwuamadi, 2010). A surge in unemployment was witnessed in 2009 due to global/local economic meltdown. The World Bank estimates that 74 million people between the ages of 15 and 24 are unemployed, which accounts for 41% of all unemployed person s (UNHabitat, 2008). From 1990-2000 youth unemployment data showed that the largest group of the unemployed were secondary school graduates. Also, 40% of unemployment rate were among urban youths aged 20 – 24 and 31% of the rate were among those aged 15-19. Two-thirds of the urban unemployed ranged from 15-24 years old. Moreover, the educated unemployed tended to be young males with few dependents (Okafor, 2011). In 2011, the situation became even more critical with 37.7% of Nigerians aged 15-24 and 22.4% of those between ages 25-44 were willing to work but did not get jobs. On average, youth unemployment rate in Nigeria is 46.5% in 2011 (BLG, 2012). As of 2009 when National Bureau of Statistics published unemployment rate at 19.7%, Issa Aremu the Deputy President of the National Labour Congress said, â€Å"Find out about the number of people who applied for the last recruitment by the Nigeria Immigration Service and the Customs Service. When more than a hundred thousand people apply for just about 3000 vacancies, then you should know whether the figures are true† (Ekott, 2010). Unemployment appears to be the root cause o f violence in Nigeria. Research suggests that unemployed youths are disproportionately more likely to be perpetrators, as well as victims of crime and violence (Okafor, 2011). The growing gap between the rich and poor affects the society through increased violence. The self employed are in quandary as scant infrastructure makes it impossible for them to ply their trade (Okafor, 2011). This is exac erbated by political corruption, poverty, poor governance, increasing population, and lack of policy initiatives and implementation to some extent encouraged criminal groups to thrive across Nigeria. This paper examines how youth unemployment contributes to violent crimes across Nigeria. Deprivation Theory of Ted Gurr This classical theory explains why people engage in violence (riots, rebellion, coups, criminal activities etc.). It examines the psychological causes involving frustration and aggression as the primary source of human capacity for violence. Frustration is neither necessary nor sufficient ly leads to violence but greed may drive to violence. Frustration is a much stronger motivating force and prolonged frustration may cause greater probability for aggression. Relative deprivation is the discrepancy between what people think they deserve and what they actually think they can get (Gurr, 1970). It is noteworthy that Gurr does not look to a more absolute or objective indicator of deprivation as the source of violence. People can get used to a bad state of affairs, even one that offers so little access to life-sustaining resources that members of the group are starving or dying of remediable diseases or exposure. However, if there is a significant d iscrepancy between what they think they deserve and what they think they will get, there is a likelihood of rebellion. Gurr posits this to be the case because there is a feeling that their expectation cannot be met if the current statuesque is maintained. The first situation may be a desperate one, but it is the se cond that will be frustrating. So frustration produces aggression at individual, group and societal levels. This theory could be used to link rising number of unemployed youths and violent crimes in Nigeria. A country that produce thousands of university graduate every year without commensurate employment opportunities may be creating a fertile ground for a feeling of frustration among these unemployed graduates. Naturally, there is a feeling of joy and great expectations when a student graduates from a university- these expectations gradually fades away and is replaced by feeling of frustration after some years of joblessness caused by little opportunity the society offers the young graduate. As frustration prolongs and the feeling of deprivation of what that is expected increases, there is a greater probability that the individual or people can resort to illegitimate activities in order to actualise their expectations in the society. The rise in violent crimes (robbery, kidnapping, thuggery, terrorism) committed by youths is a sign of „gap‟ in the society. The society already has expectations for individuals and established means of achieving them. When the means are limited as the youth unemployme nt is 46.5% in 2011, people are forced to achieve the goals through illegal means to fulfil societal expectations. Kidnappings are on the increase across Nigeria and the unemployed youths view the business lucrative. They are available for recruitment by p oliticians. In the Northern part, they are recruited both by politicians and religious groups to be used in political, religious and terrorism acts. In the SW Nigeria, they find easy employment in petty criminal activities. The culture must at least accept , if not approve, violent action as a means to an end. This could be the reason why suicide bombing is exclusive to the Northern part of the country as violence is encouraged by some Islamic sects. Political violence is also likely if the current leadershi p and or the socio-economic and political system are seen as illegitimate. Causes of Youth Unemployment in Nigeria The level of unemployment is highly dependent on the overall status of the economy (Awogbenle and Iwuamadi, 2010). Despite its riches from o il economy, employment in Nigeria is actually falling. The years of corruption, civil war, military rule, and mismanagement have hindered economic growth. Nigeria is endowed with diverse and infinite resources, both human and material but years of neglige nce and adverse policies have led to the under-utilization of these resources. These resources have not been effectively utilized in order to yield maximum economic benefits. These are primary causes of unemployment; however s cholars have identified other causes of unemployment as well ( Adebayo, 1999; Alanana, 2003; Echebiri, 2005; Ayinde, 2008; Morphy, 2008; Awogbenle and Iwuamadi, 2010; and Anyadike et al, 2012) . The first is population growth (140,431,790 as per 2006 census) and is projected to be over 1 80 million by 2020 if the annual growth rate of 3.2% continues (National Population Commission and ICF Macro, 2009). While the population increases, the number of industries growth is dwindling and if nothing serious is done, both population and unemployme nt will continue to rise. The second is outdated school curricula and lack of employable skills: Some scholars have argued that as far as the formal sector is concerned, the average Nigerian graduate is not employable therefore, does not possess the skill s needed by the employers (Anyadike et al, 2012). This is due to the curricula of most Nigerian schools that do not include entrepreneur skill acquisition to benefit job seekers. The third is adoption of untimely economic policy measures that contributed to the demise of small scale and cottage industries operated in both formal and informal sectors. Following the introduction of Structural Adjustment Program in September 1986 that ushered in liberalization, deregulation and devaluation program of the domes tic currency, many of the teething domestic firms collapsed that resulted in serious job losses (Bello, 2003). The fourth is over emphasis on university certificates and neglect of skill acquisition trainings that contributes to youth unemployment. According to Manning and Junankar (1998), the total number of graduates produced in Nigeria was 73,339 in 1986/1987 that rose to 131,016 in 1996/1997. Over 97 universities occur in Nigeria with a demand for higher education while there is problem of unemployment. The reality is that the economy does not have the capacity to absorb all unemployed graduates because over 800 industries and 37 factories were closed down in 2009 alone (Anyadike et al, 2012). Nigeria’s Unemployment and Crimes Security is a contextual issue which no state in the international system consigns to the periphery; it is a core-value that makes the state relevant in the international system (Ndifon, et al. 2012). Death rate attributable to violence in Africa is estimated at 60.9 per 100,000 p eople more than twice the global rate (WHO 2004a). Crime and violence have been increasing in many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa among unemployed young people. The causes are not farfetched as studies have associated rising youth unemployment to increase of violent crime in Nigeria. The accelerating level of prostitution, armed robbery, rape, terrorism and all facets of violence can be largely attributed to the incidence of unemployment. Growth has not been in line with the aspirations of the people and has not been driven by higher productivity. The public perception is that there has been little job creation. Many young people who fail to gain employment have become a burden to the employed that bear the re sponsibility of meeting the needs of millions of educated but increasing frustrated group, a wasting generation. The problem of violent crimes in Nigeria has been exacerbated by the high rate of unemployment and economic hardship which has pushed many jobless youths some of whom are graduates into various deadly crimes (Edward, 2011). A 2009 World Bank report on ‘Employment and Growth’, warned that, â€Å"The share of young people between the ages of 15 and 24 outside the labour force is growing, despite the country’s strong growth performance over the years†. Mass sacking in the Central Bank of Nigeria affected 7,500 banking jobs (Allafrica, 2010). The UN-Habitat study on crimes and violence stressed that socio -economic inequality and the lack of opportunities for social advancement and employment are some of th e root causes of crime and violence. Children and youth from disadvantaged families are vulnerable to fall prey to criminal networks. Of the estimated 1 billion people living in slums, over half are under the age of 25, and 40% are estimated to be under the age of 19. They are the primary victims of social exclusion through unemployment, lack of access to health and education (UN -Habitat, 2008). Furthermore, an empirical survey of Children and Youth in Organized Armed Violence in Nigeria, reported that disenchantment and frustration of young people due to mass poverty and unemployment, has increased the number of aggrieved youths and resulted in the emergence of „area boys‟ and Almajiris who target the very society that alienated them (Ibrahim, 2006). The survey concluded that armed militant groups in Nigeria namely Bakassi Boys, O‟ odua Peoples Congress (OPC) and Egbesu Boys were made up of youths within 16 – 17 years (40%), 18 – 19 years (10%), 20 – 21 years (20%), and 20 – 23 years (20%). Approximately 60% of them were unemployed (Awogbenle and Iwuamadi, 2010). Bennel (2000) argued that urban society is becoming increasingly criminalized, especially with the proliferation of youth gangs. Neither homes, nor markets are safe in Nigeria because of frequent o ccurrence of armed robbery incidents. Unemployment problem, which now seems beyond remedy, has produced army of idle hands and some of them have decided to punish the society that fails to provide them with means of livelihood and dignity by robbing its members of their property at gunpoint (Ideyi, 2005). The police cannot perform effectively because they are overstretched by the amount of cases that awaits them daily, and is worsened by outdated instruments they use that are no match to the modern sophisticated weapons used by the criminals. The Research Director of the Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG), Dr Sope Wiliams Elegbe revealed that: â€Å"The increasing poverty in Nigeria is accompanied by increasing unemployment. Unemployment is higher in the nort h than in the south. Mix this situation with radical Islam, which promises a better life for martyrs, and you can understand the growing violence in the north. Government statistics show that the northern states have the highest proportion of uneducated persons. If you link a lack of education and attendant lack of opportunities to a high male youth population, you can imagine that some areas are actually a breeding ground for terrorism† (Oxford Research Group, 2012). The Inspector General of Police, Muhammed Abubakar, has called on the three tiers of government to tackle unemployment in order to reduce crime rate in the country. He expressed concern at the rate youths were resorting to crime as an alternative means of survival due to unemployment: â€Å"We have a lot of graduates and even those who have not attended any school who have nothing to do. It becomes worrisome, when you go round this country and you see the faces of unemployed persons. You begin to wonder that we just have to do what we have to do at the level of federal, state and local governments to begin to plan and put policies in place for the employment of these persons†. (Cruise news, 2012) Conclusion No nation can achieve growth in an atmosphere of violent crimes. The role of Nigeria‟s government must include the formulation of policies and laws that could help improve the economic and social wellbeing of its citizens and deter criminality. There is a need to increase jobs through small enterprises and poverty alleviation schemes. Economic gr owth in Nigeria is not the only solution to curb unemployment as the official statistics illustrate that previous unemployment did not decline economic growth. Other solutions such as the provision of right skills to youth should be given an importance. The study concludes that feeling of deprivation produce frustration and could be expressed through aggression. Therefore if factors that are responsible for youth unemployment in Nigeria are addressed, violent crimes will be reduced. References Adebayo A (1999). Youth Unemployment and National Directorate of Employment Self Employment Programmes. Niger. J. Econ. And Soc. Stud. 41(1): 81-102. Alanana OO (2003). Youth Unemployment in Nigeria: Some Implications for the Third Millennium. Global J. Soc. Sci. 2(1):21-26. Anyadike Nkechi, Emeh Ikechukwu EJ and Ukah Finian Okechukwu (2012). Entrepreneurship development and employment generation in Nigeria: Problems and prospects. Journal of Education and General Studies Vol. 1(4) pp. 088-102. Awogbenle, A.C. & Iwuamadi, K.C. (2010). Youth Unemployment: Entrepreneurship Development Programme as an Intervention Mechanism. African Journal of Business Management, 4(6), 831-835. Ayinde OE(2008). Empirical Analysis of Agricultural Growth and Unemployment in Nigeria. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 3(7):465-468. Cruise news, (2012). To fight crime in Nigeria, we must first fight Unemployment. Available on http://www.cruisenigeria.com Bello, T. (2003). Attacking Unemployment Hurdles in the Fragile Economies of the Sub – Saharan Africa: The Experience of Nigeria. A Paper Presented at the – Economics for the Future – Conference; On the Occasion of the Celebration of 100 Years of Cambridge Economics; Cambridge, United Kingdom Bennel, P, (2000). Improving Youth Livelihood in SS.A Report to the International Development Center. BGL, (2012). Economic Note: The Nigeria’s Paradox of Growth amidst High Poverty Incidence. Retrieved from www.bglgroupng.com Echebiri, R.N. (2005). Characteristics and Determinants of Urban Youth Unemployment in Umuahia, Nigeria: Implications for Rural Development and Alternative Labor Market Variables. A Paper presented at the ISSER/Cornell/World Bank conference on â€Å"Shared Growth in Africa† held in Accra, Ghana, July 21-22. Edward Uzoma Ezedike, (2011). Violent Crimes, Economic Development and the Morality of Capital Punishment in Nigeria: A Retentionist Perspective. Retrieved from www.transcampus.org/journals Ekott, I. (2010). Statistics Bureau puts Nigeria unemployment rate at 19.7 percent . Next News. Retrieved from http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/Home/index.csp Feyisetan BJ (1991). Population growth and the labour force, a study of relationships. Paper presented at a seminar on population and development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. Nigeria June 25-28. Ideyi, N. (2005). The Root Cause of Violence in Nigeria: The Niger Delta Crisis, a Reference Point Manning, C. & Junankar, P.N. (1998). Choosy Youth or Unwanted Youth: A Survey of Unemployment. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 34(1), 55-93. Marlar Jenny, (2012). Global Unemployment at 8% in 2011. Retrieved from http://www.google.com/gwt/x?hl=en&u=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153884/globalune mployment2011.aspx&client=msucweb&q=Unemployment+rate+in+Africa+and+sub+S aharan+Africa&sa=X&ei=GHEOUPHUDmw2wW_j4HYCA&ved=0CCQQFjAJ Morphy R. (2008). Nigeria: Youth Unemployment, Poverty – a Time Bomb for Country. Leadership, Wednesday, 27 August National Bureau of Statistics. (2009). Social Statistics in Nigeria. Abuja: The NBS Publication. Retrieved from www.nigerianstat.gov.ng National Bureau of Statistics. (2010). Statistical News: Labor Force Statistics No. 476. Abuja: The NBS Publication. Retrieved from www.nigerianstat.gov.ng National Bureau of Statistics, (2012). Labour Force Statistics. Retrieved from www.nigerianstat.gov.ng National Population Commission and ICF Macro. (2009). Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008. Abuja, Nigeria: National Ndifon, C.O, Apori, K.A and Ndifon, R.A. (2012). Human Traffickin g in Nigeria: A Metaphor for Human Rights, Crime and Security Violations. American Journal of Social Issues & Humanities (ISSN: 2276 – 6928) Vol.2(3) pp. 84-99. Available on http://www.ajsih.org Okafor, E.E. (2011). Youth Unemployment and Implications for Stability of Democracy In Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa. Vol. 13, No.1, 2011 ISSN: 15205509 320 | A j a e g b u  ©AJSIH Vol.2 No.5. (September 2012) 315-321 American Journal of Social Issues & Humanities Vol.2 No.5. (September 2012) Oxford Research Group, (2012). Nigeria: The Generic Context of the Boko Haram Violence. Monthly Global Security Briefing. Retrieved from www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/sites/default/files/AprEn12.pdf Population Commission and ICF Macro, (2010). Nigeria: Unemployment – Paradox of Growth. Retrieved from http://allafrica.com/nigeria/ Ted Gurr . Why Men Rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1970. UN-Habitat, (2008). Crime and violence versus employment opportunities in cities and towns. 2nd African Minister ial Conference on Housing and Urban Development. Abuja, Nigeria. Retrieved from www.unhabitat.org United States Embassy in Nigeria, (2012). Nigerian Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http://nigeria.usembassy.gov WHO (World Health Organization), 2004a. African Leaders Call for Increased Efforts to Prevent Violence. Press release, July 26. Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville. Retrieved from www.afro.who.int/note_press/2003/pr20030726.html Wikipedia,

Parameters for a Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis

ANSYS Fluent is technology package for computational fluid kineticss which enables mathematical modeling of the physical theoretical account. It can be used to analyze fluid flow, heat transportation and a broad scope of other industrial application jobs by executing â€Å"numerical experiments† ( computing machine simulations ) in a â€Å"virtual flow laboratory† . The package is extensively used throughout the universe. It can be used for new construct mold, every bit good as the betterment of bing 1s. One advantage of the package is that it is able to work out complex 3-D jobs where the physical forces and flow features are sometimes impossible to mensurate ; accordingly provide speedy, efficient, more accurate and dependable consequences. As mentioned before, this methodological analysis is based on using the physical theoretical account to a scaly geometry that represents the existent theoretical account system. Subsequently, all surfaces and volumes of the sphere are meshed. The full mesh is exported to ANSYS Fluent for the numerical solution of Navier-Stokes equation. Followed by the model been delegating to the boundary conditions necessary for the stuff and thermic belongingss. The theoretical account re-produces the existent atmospheric conditions that the system is subjected to during the clip that is simulated. Project’s efficiency is improved for undertakings by analyzing little alterations in parametric quantities and CFD expends less clip than building a existent paradigm and proving. One of the chief purposes of CFD simulation is to analyse the existent thermic behaviours of the proposed system with fewer resources in less clip. In this undertaking, the CFD package bundle of ANSYS FLUENT version 15.0 is selected as the computational package for imitating the physical theoretical account. This is because it is the package widely used by research workers internationally in the country of thermic wall research and besides suggested by the supervisor ( ANSYS UK Ltd, 2012 ) . The computational theoretical account is developed based on a proposed physical life infinite theoretical account in Sydney with a H2O wall system.3.2.1 Heat Balance and Governing EquationsHeat balance:The H2O wall theoretical account set up is based on the heat balance method where the temperature fluctuation for H2O is tantamount for both paradigm and theoretical account. There are a few premises made for this method:The H2O is well-mixed ab initio at a unvarying surface temperatureHeat flux moving on the surface is changelessDiffuse radiating surfaceThe thermic energy radiated on wall surface is transferred to H2O, with no heat loss to en vironing walls.Regulating equations:The heat transportation and air flow in this theoretical account is chiefly governed by partial non-linear differential equations, which stand foring the preservation of mass ( continuity ) , impulse and energy ( heat ) . These equations are so solved numerically based on the project’s geometry, boundary scenes and runing conditions. In this undertaking, the preservation equations for laminar flow are described below with concise account on each.Conservation of mass ( besides known as continuity equation ) : this equation ensures that the mass is conserved when fluid is in gesture. Equation ( 1 ) below is a general signifier of the continuity equation.( 1 )Conservation of impulse: the equation is shown below as Equation ( 2 ) .This equation rises from using Newton’s 2nd jurisprudence to the fluid gesture, where the rate of alteration of impulse peers the amount of the forces. The entire impulse of a system remains changeless.( 2 )Con servation of energy: this equation refers to the first jurisprudence of thermodynamics, where the rate of alteration of energy of a fluid partial is equal to the rate of heat add-on plus the rate of work done. In other words, for this undertaking the energy equation histories for the heat act on the undertaking. There are many ways of showing the energy equation, one signifier is as shown in Equation ( 3 )( 3 )3.2.2 Geometry and Boundary ConditionsGeometry:The conventional diagram of the analysis theoretical account considered in this paper is illustrated in Figure3-2, modeled with ANSYS Fluent. The theoretical account is developed from an false physical paradigm by ignoring the structural characteristics. In order to simplify the job, the geometry of this system is specified as planar and constructed on the X, Y plane. The theoretical account geometry is scaled down to 200mm*200mm in general infinite with a thermic storage wall and two gaps as air recess and mercantile establishmen t ( shown in ruddy ) . All wall thicknesses are neglected in this state of affairs, which indicates the walls have zero heat conductivity opposition. There are three chief parts in this theoretical account: the air channel ( A ) , inactive solar wall ( B ) and indoor life infinite ( C ) , besides illustrated in Figure 3-2. The thermic wall is set as 30mm*100mm. The intermediate infinite between the thermic wall and the glazing or the canal breadth is set for 20mm and the stuff to construction the thermic storage wall is H2O.Boundary Conditionss:The lone un-insulated surface is the interface between the thermic wall and the air channel. The other beds are insulated to either increase the thermic opposition or prevent to heat from reassigning into the internal infinite. Note that the heat flux is originally designed to move on the exterior H2O wall surface ( the surface between A and B on Figure 3-2 ) , where this surface is besides an interface between H2O and air. But mistakes occur if this interface is subjected to external heat beginning when operating in ANSYS FLUENT 15.0 bundle. Thus that in this survey, all interior wall surfaces including the roof and floor are set to be adiabatic ( under nothing heat flux ) while the thermic wall interior surface ( No. 19 on Figure 3-2 ) is capable to heat flux calculated based on the Sydney part historical informations shown in Appendix A ( Bom.gov.au, 2014 ) . However, the value of solar heat flux is non changeless during a twenty-four hours, and at this phase our cognition is non sufficient to execute a simulating based on the world parabolic behaviour of heat flux. The heat flux moving on the H2O wall for this undertaking is assumed as changeless. It is about impossible to make an accurate grading based on all fluid flow factors, to fulfill this, the H2O temperature will lift above 100EsC. To simplify the undertaking, the values are so scaled down to fulfill the theoretical account scenes by keep the same addition temperature addition rate in H2O wall. The grading computation is described below. Initially the standard temperature for the H2O wall and theoretical account room was set the same as 300K ( 26.85EsC ) . The air temperature at recess and mercantile establishment were besides assumed changeless and tantamount to the room air temperature to simplify the undertaking. By making this, heat flux is ensured as the lone force that initiates the full system. Other than the computational recess and mercantile establishment, the remainder of the surface boundaries are stationary walls under no-slip conditions. Resistance to flux due to friction along the surfaces is assumed negligible.3.2.3 Imitating Parameters ( Dimensional Analysis )From the published literature, many different parametric quantities can impact the public presentation of the H2O wall public presentation for air airing intent. As shown on Figure 3-3, there are many variables that can be investigated to optimise the H2O wall system public presentation such as wall tallness ( H ) , width ( B ) , intermediate infinite interval ( D ) and the heat flux strength moving on H2O wall surface. A dimensional analysis is performed to show the structural and mechanical parametric quantities that may impact the system public presentation. Buckingham theorem is the method used for dimensional analysis. First of wholly, a certain figure, â€Å"n† , of relevant dimensional physical variables are determined for this undertaking. These variables are inter-related and can be expressed via a functional relationship as shown in Equation 4, where Q stands for the mean volume flow rate at the mercantile establishment. ( 4 ) Followed by examine these parametric quantities and happen out the figure of cardinal dimensions, named â€Å"k† . Finally, by choosing â€Å"k† figure of reiterating variables, the staying ( n-k ) variables can organize ( n-k ) sets ofgroups. The elaborate working out is described in Appendix B. The solution indicates that for this undertaking analysis, there are n=16 variables, k=4 cardinal dimensions which form 12groups. Thesegroups are dimensionless groups that will impact the system public presentation. Consequently, The Buckingham Theorem consequence indicates that Q is a map of a set of dimensionless groups, which are shown below. ( 5 ) Due to constraint in clip and CFD cognition restriction at the current phase, in this survey, two factorsheat fluxstrengthandH2O wall thicknesshave been chosen as the simulating parametric quantities, therefore that the undertaking aims to analyze their effects on the system. Solar heat flux strength is one of the most widely research parametric quantity and besides the most conclusive. Research workers find that air velocity and temperature within the solar channel of the thermal wall system increases with increasing solar heat flux strength ( Budea, 2014 ) The 2nd parametric quantity is the H2O wall thickness ( breadth ) . Presently, research workers return assorted reappraisals on the influence of H2O wall’s tallness, but besides to observe that the tallness parametric quantity is non easy to command due to realistic structural limitations. Meanwhile, there has been really limited reappraisal on the effects H2O wall thickness parametric quantity by past research workers. Comparing to the H2O wall tallness, the thickness is considered as a comparatively easy parametric quantity to command. The above grounds explain why H2O wall thickness is selected as the 2nd simulating parametric quantity to analyze for this undertaking.3.2.4: Operating ConditionSolution Methods:As the air flow is driven by convection in the air chamber, the system is running under force per unit area based attack. When simulating, the force per unit area field is extracted by work outing a force per unit area rectification equation which is obtained by pull s tringsing the preservation of mass and impulse equations of the speed field ( Arc.vt.edu, 2014 ) . Since the government equations are non-linear, the solution procedure involves work outing the regulating equations repeatedly till the solution converges. In this theoretical account, the perkiness consequence of air is modeled under the Boussinesq estimate. This is because the phenomenon in the solar channel is natural convection under alterations in air temperature. This estimate is used to account for the denseness fluctuation. Thus the computational theoretical account considers denseness to be changeless except for the perkiness term in the impulse equation.Operating Parameters:As discussed before, the two parametric quantities interested are heat flux strength and H2O wall thickness. For the heat flux strength, the scaly upper limit summer heat flux is 112; where the minimal winter 55.7. Two other heat flux strengths are chosen for comparing. The values are taken mediate the upper limit and lower limit based on tantamount increase. Therefore, the concluding four values selected for this undertaking are 55.7, 74.593.2and 112. When analyzing the H2O wall thickness affects, the heat flux is set independent with a value of 89.2, which is the mean annual value calculated. Then the breadths selected for the H2O wall are 25mm, 30mm and 35 millimeter to compare public presentation of natural air airing of the undertaking theoretical account.3.2.5 Convergence Criteria and MeshingConvergence StandardsThis theoretical account uses 2neodymiumorder truth ( high declaration ) for the sing variables such as temperature and speed. All remainders are scaled and the convergence standard is said as reached when the default absolute value of the remainders are belowHowever it is of import to observe that a good initial conjecture by and large lead to a high scaled residuary and therefore the convergence standards can non be achieved. Hence after corroborating the solution conditions, a mesh independence trial is required to be performed to guarantee the solution is besides independent of the mesh. This is besides an extra c ritical standard to guarantee the consequences are dependable.Finite volume methodThe solution method employed in ANSYS FLUENT is known as the finite volume method under full-coupled convergent thinker. Full-coupled means that the system usually converges in less loop, but with each loop takes longer. This method operates as follows: First of wholly, the theoretical account sphere is discretized, through the usage of mesh, into a finite set of control volumes. Next, the three regulating equations discussed before ( preservation of mass, impulse and energy ) are integrated over each single control volume to make algebraic equations for the terra incognitas. Followed by all the equations developed all being solved to give updated consequences of the dependent variables. Consequently, an approximative value of each dependant variable at any points on the sphere can be obtained.Mesh Independency TestA all right mesh reduces the elaboration of mistakes during the extension of the solution. However, by bettering the truth of the simulation consequences through refinement mesh, the clip devouring for computational analysis is increased correspondingly. As a consequence, a mesh independence trial was performed to guarantee the appropriate mesh is used for this system. More specifically, this means that the mesh chosen is capable of bring forthing a comparatively accurate consequence but less clip devouring. Without executing the mesh independency trial, the solutions will hold a high opportunity of changing with the polish of mesh and this clearly is non acceptable for the undertaking. The polish procedure is repeated with incrementally reduced alternations in consequence until a solution that is independent of mesh is generated. The overall theoretical account sphere is foremost divided into 100*100 computational cells, and so traveling to 200*200, 400*400 cells for the mesh independence trial. The spheres near to interfaces were set with smaller grid spacing ( or finer mesh ) , the interior infinite set with larger grid spacing ( or courser mesh ) to better the truth. Two parametric quantities set as proctors are area-weighted mean temperature of the H2O wall and the mean volume flow rate at the mercantile establishment. There is no specific standard for the per centum difference between two back-to-back sets, but it is required to be moderately bantam to guarantee that no important effects take topographic point on the system when mesh alterations. The differences between the sets of consequences are analyzed in per centum by sing 400*400 engagement as mention. The consequences are besides expressed in x-y chart for better ocular comparing. The elaborate informations for mesh trial including the ocular comparing figures is shown in Appendix C. A comparing of consequences is shown in Table 3-2 below. By analyzing the consequences, it is observed that the differences between the 200*200 and 400*400 mesh are zero and less than 0.01 % for temperature and volume flow rate proctors severally. Therefore, it is believed that the 200*200 grid system has sensible imitating clip ingestion and can obtain good truth consequences for the undertaking. The mesh form is presented in Figure3-4. The observation gives the assurance that the fake solution is considered as independent of its grid.