Coeducation: 2nd Millennium and Universal Elementary Education Essay

In early civilizations, people were educated informally: primarily within the household. As time progressed, education became more structured and formal. Women often had very few rights when education started to become a more important aspect of civilization. Efforts of the ancient Greek and Chinese societies focused primarily on the education of males. In ancient Rome, the availability of education was gradually extended to women, but they were taught separately from men. The early Christians and medieval Europeans continued this trend, and single-sex schools for the privileged classes prevailed through the Reformation period. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, coeducation grew much more widely accepted. In Great Britain, Germany, and the Soviet Union, the education of girls and boys in the same classes became an approved practice. In the 16th century, at the Council of Trent, the Roman Catholic church reinforced the establishment of free elementary schools for children of all classes. The concept of universal elementary education, regardless of sex, had been created. [2] After the Reformation, coeducation was introduced in western Europe, when certain Protestant groups urged that boys and girls should be taught to read the Bible. The practice became very popular in northern England, Scotland, and colonial New England, where young children, both male and female, attended dame schools. In the late 18th century, girls gradually were admitted to town schools. The Society of Friends in England, as well as in the United States, pioneered coeducation as they did universal education, and in Quaker settlements in the British colonies, boys and girls commonly attended school together. The new free public elementary, or common schools, which after the American Revolution supplanted church institutions, were almost always coeducational, and by 1900 most public high schools were coeducational as well. [3] The early success and achievement of women at Oberlin College persuaded many early women’s rights leaders that coeducation would soon be accepted throughout the country. However, for quite a while, women sometimes suffered uncivil behavior from their male classmates. The prejudice of some male professors proved more unsettling. Many professors had disapproved of the admission of women into their classes, citing studies that stated that women were physically incapable of higher education, and some professors found it difficult to acknowledge women’s presence once they were admitted. Even today, there have been books, studies, and other arguments claiming that women and men learn very differently from each other because of their brain differences. One of these books is called â€Å"Boys and Girls Learn Differently! † by Michael Gurian. [4] By the end of the 19th century, 70% of American colleges were coeducational. In the late 20th century, many institutions of higher learning that had been exclusively for people of one sex became coeducational.

Studying chromosome 11 of the human genome

In this paper I will be studying chromosome 11 of the human genome. Specifically, I will be researching some of the diseases that occur when there are mutations in the genes on chromosome 11. Five specific diseases will be looked at and studied in detail: the Sickle Cell Anemia gene, the MLL gene which causes Trisomy 11, the H19 gene which causes Beckwith-Weideman Syndrome, the WT1 and PAX6 genes which causes Wilm's Tumor syndrome, and finally, the work being done on the genes of Chromosome 11q22-q24 regarding cervical carcinoma. The following research was all acquired from the NCBI online database. Read this Ch. 22 Respiratory System The HBB gene which causes Sickle Cell Anemia, is found on chromosome 11p15. 4. This gene causes an inherited blood disorder, mainly effecting people from the African continent (1/500), but also people from the Mediterranean and South Asian countries. (NCBI Online, 24 June 2003) Approximately 8% of the African American population are carriers; often, this gene is associated with malaria occurrence, as carriers are somewhat protected against malaria. (NCBI Online, 24 June 2003) Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal (not sex related) recessive disease caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin beta gene. When a mutation occurs, the HBB gene produces a structurally abnormal hemoglobin (Hb), called HbS. (NCBI Online, 24 June 2003) Hb is a protein which carries oxygen and gives red blood cells their distinctive color. In individuals who are homozygous for HbS, the abnormal HbS can bunch together, distorting the red blood cells into sickled shapes [as shown in Figure 1]. These clusters can only occur if the HbS is placed under certain circumstances or conditions, such as high hemoglobin concentrations or low oxygen levels. NCBI Online, 24 June 2003) When the mutated and rigid red blood cells become trapped within small blood vessels, they block the vessels causing pain and eventual damage to the organs in the body. (NCBI Online, 24 June 2003) Although a cure has not yet been found, medical advancements have allowed for the treatment of symptoms and complications associated with Sickle Cell Anermia. Hydroxyurea, an antitumor drug, has been used to induce the formation of fetal Hb (HbF), which is normally found in the fetus or newborn. When fetal Hb is present in persons with Sickle Cell Anemia, Hydrozyurea can prevent sickling from occuring. NCBI Online, 24 June 2003) The MLL gene which causes Trisomy 11 is located on chromosome 11q23. A mutation in this gene is a â€Å"very rare chromosomal disorder caused by a duplication (trisomy) of the end (distal) portion of the long arm of chromosome 11. † (Genetic Information and Patient Services, November 2003) This disorder is most often noticeable at birth; some characteristic features of the disorder are â€Å"delayed mental and physical development, retarded growth of the fetus during pregnancy and of the child after birth, an unusually small brain (microencephaly), and/or distinctive facial features. (Genetic Information and Patient Services, November 2003) The MLL gene can produce a type of leukemia which effects both sexes and mainly adults at an average age of 60. (Dessen & Huret, 2002) In general terms, trisomy refers to â€Å"the condition of having three copies of a given chromosome in each somatic cell rather than the normal number of two. † (Dictionary. com) The leukemia is specifically acute myeloid leukemia or AML. This syndrome is caused by only a partial tandem duplication of the MLL gene on chromosome 11. Dessen & Huret, 2002) A recent study has shown that â€Å"MLL tandem duplications are less common than previously reported. † (Schnittger, October 2003) Also, the MLL tandem duplications â€Å"are preferentially observed in AML with normal karyotypes, but can also be found in the presence of chromosome alterations. † (Schnittger, October 2003) Two scientists, Cheryl Shuman and Rosanna Weksberg studied the Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome, also referred to as BWS syndrome. The information for BWS syndrome is from their reports on their studies. Their studies show that â€Å"chromosome abnormalities involving 11p15 are found in 1% or less of cases. † (Shuman, 10 April 2003) This syndrome can occur with mutations of many different genes on chromosome 11: mutations in genes IGF2 and H195, 5-10% of sporadic cases and 40% of familial cases had mutations in the CDKNIC gene, 50% of cases had a loss of methylation at the KCNQIOT1 gene, and in 10-20% of patients, â€Å"paternal uniparental disomy for chromosome 11p15 [was] observed. † (Shuman, 10 April 2003) In diagnosing BWS, two major and one minor characteristic must be obvious out of a list of possible criteria. Some major criteria include: history of BWS in the family, macrosomia, abnormal earlobe pits or creases, an embryonal tumor in childhood, Hemihyperplasia (an asymmetric overgrowth of a area/areas of the body), and possibly a cleft palate. (Shuman, 10 April 2003) Some minor criteria include: premature birth, Neonatal hypoglycemia, advanced bone aging, and monozygotic twinning (usually in the females). (Shuman, 10 April 2003) If one parent has uniparental disomy (UPD), then prenatal testing is done to test for BWS syndrome in the fetus. Shuman, 10 April 2003) Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome is found in approximately 1 out of 13, 700 cases across the world. However, this number is probably slightly low as there are many milder cases that often go undiagnosed. In children born with BWS, there is a 20% mortality rate due to premature birth. Often, children born with BWS develop Wilms Tumor or other tumors. (Shuman, 10 April 2003) Dr. Alan Gandy summarizes Wilms tumor as an â€Å"embryonal renal neoplasm which is characterized usually by an abdominal mass. (Gandy, 1 March 1995) Wilms tumour is caused by the deletion of the gene WT2-1 on chromosome 11p13. Proper function of this gene is to encode a DNA-binding protein that is most often found in the fetal kidney â€Å"and in tissue that gives rise to the genitourinary system. † (Gandy, 1 March 1995) The DNA-binding protein is expected to be a â€Å"Kruppel-like zinc-finger protein. † (Gandy, 1 March 1995) However, the inactivation of WT2-1 causes the Wilms Figure 2: Wilms Tumor tumor. (Gandy, 1 March 1995) This tumor is prevalent in 1/12 000 live births and is the second most common extra cranial solid tumor in children. The tumor appears in the kidney soon after birth (6 months-10 years)[as shown in Figure 3] and is related to other cancers. (Gandy, 1 March 1995) Wilms tumor is frequently a symptom of other gene mutations, such as BWS and WAGR syndrome. (Gandy, 1 March 1995) Features of the Primary Wilms tumor include abdominal mass [as shown in Figure 2], abdominal pain, hypertension, and anemia etc. Metastases occurs in the lungs, lymph nodes, liver, brain and other areas to a lesser extent. (Gandy, 1 March 1995) Depending on the stage of the tumor, different actions can be taken to cure the tumor. Surgery (removal of the kidney and lymph nodes) and chemotherapy are both used as ways to manage the tumor. However, as the stages progress, likelihood of a cure is reduced. (Gandy, 1 March 1995) Studies done by G. M. Hampton et al. show that there are genes or a gene on chromosome 11 that has the ability to â€Å"[suppress] tumorigenicity in cell lines derived from different histopathological types of cervical carcinoma, suggesting that aberration of this gene(s) may represent at least one of the additional changes required for tumorigenic progression. ( Hampton, 19 July 1994) The suppressor gene specified is between 11q22 and q24. A study was performed on 32 patients with cervical carcinoma to conclude which genes were required for tumorigenic progression. â€Å"Of the 32 patients examined, 14(44%) demonstrated clonal genetic alterations resulting in loss of heterzygosity for one or more markers. Seven of the clonal genetic alterations on chromosome 11 were specific to the long arm, and the overlap between these and other allelic deletions suggest that a suppressor gene(s) relevant to cervical carcinoma maps to chromosome 11q22-q24. â€Å"( Hampton, 19 July 1994) In conclusion, Chromosome 11 of the Human genome contains over 1000 genes. Of the many, this essay looks at 5 specifically in order to gather information on the genes of this chromosome. Through the closes study of Sickle Cell Anemia, Trisomy 11, Beckwith-Weideman Syndrome, Wilm's Tumor syndrome, and the genes of Chromosome 11q22-q24 regarding cervical carcinoma, one can gather a better understanding of the genes on chromosome 11, and the type of mutations that occur. Although the Humane Genome Project is relatively new, there is already much information that has been revealed and still much more to be discovered.

Labor-Leisure Model in the Everyday Life

Labor-Leisure Model in the Everyday Life I like many other college students am not currently seeking work in the labor force. As a student athlete playing golf I am constantly juggling my time between my studies as a senior Economics major, and maximizing my golfing potential and chasing my ultimate dream of becoming a professional golfer. Throughout this paper I will explain how I maximize my utility in different circumstances using the labor-leisure model.As I am not actively looking for work in the labor market my indifference curve is so steep there are no tangencies to my reservation wage, which is defined as the â€Å"lowest wage rate at which a worker is willing to accept a job. † By dedicating all my time to studying and practise, and none to the labor force my indifference curve has no tangency to my constraint. As a rational person who wants to maximize utility; the current wage rate is not high enough for me to substitute work for things I prefer to do in my free ti me, such as playing golf or studying for a test.I am fortunate enough that my parents have the opportunity to help me financially during my time at college, so I have a source of â€Å"unearned income† that I receive for working zero hours in the labor market. This â€Å"unearned income† is shown by the spike in figure 1 below. As mentioned above because of my high regard for leisure and the modest wages I am offered as a student with some college experience; my indifference curve has no tangencies to my constraint. Figure 1 depicts where utility is maximized at point A.As a utility maximizer it suits my personal preferences to accept the unearned income given to me by my parents and consume more leisure time. â€Å"Point [A] represents the highest utility that can be reached by [myself], given the budget constraint. † The labor-leisure model makes the assumption that leisure is a desirable product, which in my case it is. Furthermore, substituting three or four hours in the labor force for more hours of leisure time is an easy decision for a utility maximizer to make. The government faces similar problems with modern day welfare.Because of the modest wages offered to unskilled workers, and size of recent welfare packages many people maximize utility by removing themselves from the labor force, and accept benefits offered by the government whilst consuming more leisure time. As mentioned above, during school I am constantly dividing my time between practising for golf, and studying my current classes. Using the Production Possibilities frontier (shown in Figure 2 below) I can graphically show the choices I make in a variety of scenarios as a utility maximizer.Like most economic models it is a simplification of reality that represents â€Å"economic processes by a set of variables and a set of logical quantitative relationships between them. † To maintain the simplicity of the model I am assuming my average day consists of 16 hours, of which I divide my time between either practising golf or studying. I rarely dedicate all my waking hours to specifically golf or studying, but for the consistency of this model that assumption will be made.Figure 2 shows my personal production possibilities frontier, which â€Å"shows the alternative outputs of [golf practise] and [studying] that can be produced† by myself in any given day. â€Å"The production possibility curve clearly exhibits the notion of technical efficiency. † Any point inside the curve is considered inefficient, and any point outside the curve is unachievable. The production possibility frontier clearly shows that depending on how I allocate my time directly affects my productivity in both areas.For example, if I dedicate a disproportionate amount of time to studying my golf performance will decline as my grades increase, and vice-versa. As shown in Figure 2 there are many different combinations of golf practise and studying. Maximizing utili ty in this model is my selection of the most appropriate combination of studying and golf practise for the circumstances of that day. One of the biggest advantages of playing an individual sport is having the ability to design a schedule that suits my day to day activity.Points A, B, C, D and E all represent possible utility maximizing schedules on my production possibilities frontier. There are many factors that could affect my everyday schedule. For example, If I have a particularly important tournament coming up I may find it utility maximizing to substitute some hours studying for some hours practising at the golf course. This schedule would make my indifference curve steeper than usual, like the indifference curve U4 in figure 2. My grades may suffer at this schedule; however, performing well in tournaments also just as important so the schedule is still utility maximizing.I will maximize utility at a completely different point on my production possibilities frontier during fin als week. I will be more likely to substitute hours practising golf for time studying during finals week. As time spent studying becomes more valuable my indifference curve will become much flatter than on an ordinary day, like the indifference curve U2 in figure 2. As mentioned above, there are obvious flaws to this production possibilities frontier. However, an economic model is a simplification of reality that represents â€Å"economic processes by a set of variables and a set of logical quantitative relationships between them. I have never spent an entire day where I dedicated all my waking hours to either studying or practising golf. So despite point F on figure 2 not statistically being utility maximizing it is where I normally operate. Normal daily activities like eating, talking with friends and other general errands are not considered in this model. The shaded area in figure 2 represents time I spend doing activities that are unaccounted for by golf practise and studying. I plan to graduate in May 2013 with a Bachelors of Science degree in Economics.My degree is a sign to potential employers that I have been trained in the field of economics. According to the â€Å"Investment model of education† I will move from a male with â€Å"some college† experience to a male â€Å"college graduate. † The investment model of education suggests that college graduates are more likely to receive additional training in their early years of employment; resulting in higher wages. The potential for a higher wage could have a notable affect on my post-college labor-leisure model. The higher wage creates a steeper constraint, as seen below in Figure 3.Figure 3: Post-College Labor-Leisure Model If offered a wage high enough, the new constraint could become steep enough to where my indifference curve would have a point of tangency with my reservation wage, as seen above. As a result of the additional training I have received (a college education) my co nstraint has moved from the line AD to line AE. The severe increase in wage has increased my cost of consuming leisure considerably. My utility is now maximized by joining the labor force, as seen in the move from U1 to U2 on figure 3.The radical change to my labor-leisure model has not taken place without a huge substitution and income effect. The new wage greatly increased my costs of consuming leisure, so much so I substituted some hours of leisure for hours of work. This is known as the substitution effect, and can be seen graphically between points B and C. An income effect is also present. After graduation my parents will not continue to hand me money for nothing in return, so the unearned income at point F is no longer achievable.This decrease in income reduces my purchasing power of leisure and will increase my demand for labor hours. This income effect is shown graphically between points A and B. The total effect can be seen graphically between points A and C. The substitut ion and income effect usually move an individual’s preferences in opposite directions, but because I was choosing to work zero hours the presence of either effect could only increase my demand for work. In conclusion, I can portray how I make everyday decisions using the labor-leisure model and production possibilities frontier frameworks.As with most economic models, it drastically simplifies reality. The simplification however is necessary, due to the complex nature of economic variables; simplicity aids clarity. For an economic model to be successful two appropriate variables must be chosen. In my personal instance the relationship between practising golf and studying for classes are directly related. By simplifying and selecting applicable variables complex economic information can be expressed logically, as shown above. Works Cited EconoMonitor : EconoMonitor The Current Downturn: Labor-leisure Tradeoff or Technological Regress. † EconoMonitor : EconoMonitor A » The Current Downturn: Labor-leisure Tradeoff or Technological Regress. Web. 01 November 2012. . Heckman, James. JSTOR. Web. 05 November 2012. . Ehrenberg, Ronald G. , and Robert Stewart. Smith. Modern Labor Economics: Theory and Public Policy. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1987. Print. â€Å"Labor Supply. † Labor Supply. Web. 06 November 2012. . Nicholson, Walter. Intermediate Microeconomics: And Its Application. Houghton, Harcourt, 2000. Print.

Critical Analysis of an HRD Intervention (Human Resources Development) Essay

Critical Analysis of an HRD Intervention (Human Resources Development) - Essay Example arning is defined as organization’s capability to disseminate, exploit as well as to create and generate knowledge which is an essential resource and also increases capability of organizations seeking to maintain a cutthroat advantage in present marketplace. There are two types of organizational learning. One is exploitative learning and another one is explorative learning. The capability to acquire knowledge unquestionably gives sustainable benefit for the organization. Organizations which are capable in creating or innovating fresh knowledge and maintain that knowledge as well as to transfer this throughout the venture are more prolific as well as more capable in flourishing than their counter parts and are less skilled at the organizational learning (Carnegie Mellon University, n.d.). The HRD research and practice describes itself emphasizing in three main areas in the organizations workplace which critically covers adult education’s importance of learning or following subjects like career development, organizational development and training and development (Fenwick, n.d.). Along with intervention, orientation holds supreme importance in the arena of human resource development. Orientation basically comprises of the scheduled program that one undergoes when he or she joins a new company. Human resource development orientation basically aims a new recruit to adopt with the organizational culture. The present day organization as well as academia provides increased emphasis upon the orientation segment within the discipline of human resource development. The essay focuses on the requirement and involvement of orientation within the perspective of human resource development. An employee orientation program is very important for making the employee comfortable with his new surroundings and also making them understand the work ethics, culture of the company. In my orientation program, I was given a formal introduction to all my co workers by our HR personnel.

Nursing Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Leadership - Essay Example To practically calculate the cost of nursing care, I referred to an orthopedic unit, which had 12 patients who were at different situations and had different acuity levels. PCS would be calculated on the following:  To practically calculate the cost of nursing care, I referred to an orthopedic unit, which had 12 patients who were at different situations and had different acuity levels. PCS would be calculated on the following:  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ 4 patients were in a condition to be discharged and had acuity level 1: 4 X 1= 4.†¢ 4 patients were under therapy and had acuity level 4: 4 X 4= 16.†¢ 4 patients were under regular had acuity level 2: 4 X 2= 8.This total of 28 hours would be expanded by adding further 48 hours of an 8-hour shift for 8 patients who did not discharge in 8 hours which makes a total of 76 hours. This grand total of 76 hours can be used to determine Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) for a unit.However, this formula does not give an accurate value because it does not have space for variances made according to situations. For instance, if a patient was acquiring 2 hours and later demands 3 hours due to some uncertainty in patient’s condition. The cost is still being evaluated for 2 hours and thus giving 3 hours till the patient get stable. To neutralize these differences, Relative Value Unit as an index number is given to each unit based on the amount of resources which can be managed to produce nursing care.  For instance, $1,250,000 is given to a unit which has total RVUs of 5,196.50.... 4 patients were under therapy and had acuity level 4: 4 X 4= 16. 4 patients were under regular had acuity level 2: 4 X 2= 8. This total of 28 hours would be expanded by adding further 48 hours of an 8 hour shift for 8 patients who did not discharge in 8 hours which makes a total of 76 hours. This grand total of 76 hours can be used to determine Full Time Equivalent (FTE) for a unit. However, this formula does not give an accurate value because it does not have space for variances made according to situations. For instance if a patient was acquiring 2 hours and later demands 3 hours due to some uncertainty in patient’s condition. The cost is still being evaluated for 2 hours and thus giving 3 hours till the patient get stable. To neutralize these differences, Relative Value Unit as an index number is given to each unit based on amount of resources (labor and capital) which can be managed to produce nursing care (Kelly, 2008). For instance $1,250,000 is given to a unit which has total RVUs of 5,196.50. The amount will be divided by RVU’s to bring out the cost per RVU. For instance $1,250,000/ 5,196.50 = $ 240.55 per RVU. Thus the cost of one patient of level 4 acuity will be $ 240.55 X 4= $962.2 for one day. This formula of calculating the nursing cost does not either gives an exact cost because situations can vary and can demand excess resources. Thus there is no accurate calculation system to recognize exact nursing cost. It all depends on the acuity level which itself is not certain but varies according to patients conditions. These results can help outline the nursing care budget which is helpful to envision all pro’s and con’s to later deal with the finances affectively (Kelly, 2008). Dq2#2)

Marbury v Madison Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marbury v Madison - Coursework Example In deciding the case the court stated that Marbury had the right to have the appointment however the court had no power to force him to do so. This decision elevated the power of the Judiciary to being the final arbiter in constitutional matters and thus an empowerment to the judicial fraternity. A contrary decision would mean that the congress was the ultimate decision maker and thus would have weakened the judicial power and given the congress higher position on legal matters. Justice John Marshall had to side with Marbury considering that he had been the previous secretary of state who was part of issuing the appointments to Marbury and hence his working ought to have been respected by his successor Madison. Further, Marshall had to protect the position of the Judiciary as the chief justice and set a precedent of the Courts as the final arbiter and constitutional watchdog. The court was not convicted that if they compelled the congress to issue the commission it would have complied with the same. To protect itself from any form of embarrassment and a point that it would have created a notion in the public that it was not as powerful as they knew it was prudent that the court stated that the although Marbury was entitled to the appointment but it could not force the congress to grant the appointment. The court has power to force compliance however this is made use of carefully. Where such order may embarrass the power of the court, the courts have always given reasons why they opt not to pursue the same. Where a writ of Mandamus is advanced by the court and the person being compelled ignores the same, it embarrass the power of the court and makes it look powerless. This explains the careful decision of the Supreme Court in Marbury vs. Madison. (Van Alstyne, W. W., & Marshall, J., 1969 p.

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Management - Essay Example It should always be borne in mind that the above-mentioned factors are subject to change and uncertainty and likewise Hengist House is not immune to change hence the need to have up-to-date information about their business environment if they are serious about its development. Whilst Brenda and Phillip may want to believe that their business is flourishing by virtue of a large number of visitors they get each year, a close analysis of their business shows that it is operating below capacity to a certain extent. As a result of underutilization of other vast facilities, their property is not earning them the maximum capacity it should be considering that it used to be a successful farm as well as tourist attraction. Indeed, the place is endowed with the resources that can generate large amounts of revenue if properly utilized and carefully marketed. It seems there is no proper planning the reason why some of the facilities that can be used to generate income are being underutilized. For instance, there are winter bulbs that flowered under the trees each February and even into March but nothing much was ever done to them by way of feeding or other care but they are among the most attractive features at the place. With proper planning and marketing of the plac e, there is no need for applying for grants or loans to develop the area but it would generate its own revenue that can be in turn used to spruce up the image of the place. Their place looks as if it is neglected hence may not appeal to many people. Winter tourism has great potential for business and Brenda and Philip have the property endowed with all qualities necessary for the business to flourish like all other property owners but they had little planning to harness this kind of business. In the absence of proper marketing strategies in place, though the owners would like to believe that they are making handsome business, it can still be argued that they are not using their competitive advantage compared to other competitors in the area.

According to Ghaye (2001) there is a growing body of knowledge which Essay

According to Ghaye (2001) there is a growing body of knowledge which suggests that reflective practice has the potential to transform who we are and we do. Dis - Essay Example This model purports that the first phase of reflection is awareness. This may be triggered by either disturbing or positive thoughts or feelings about a situation or event – which in this case is the critical incident. During the second phase of reflection, the person undertakes a critical analysis of what transpired. He draws upon his significant knowledge and experiences, and on the application of novel knowledge. Such realizations, in the form of new knowledge, are the expected output of the analysis. This entails critical thinking and self-assessment – this comes with increasing awareness about the self (Scanlon & Chernomas, 1997). The last stage is the development of a novel approach in accordance with one’s critical analysis and the implementation of novel knowledge onto the context or situation for which one has undergone the reflection. The new approach that one intends to adopt may be characterized by cognitive, attitudinal and behavioural modifications. A logical expectation would be adaptive when one considers that the person increases in his effectiveness both as a person and as a team member. Apparently, learning has transpired. In effect, this perspective of reflective learning suits a handful of theoretical models. These include that of Schon (1987) which advocates the reflective practitioner and â€Å"knowing-in-action† framework. Reflective learning journals are significant tools in translating theory into viable action, that is, praxis. Reflective learning journals have been utilized for quite some time now, specifically in the nursing and teacher education disciplines, to improve individual learning effectiveness, encompassing critical and creative thinking (Kobert, 1995; McCrindle & Christensen, 1995; Meyers & Jones, 1993). In an early application, Hahnemann (1986) had nursing undergraduates spend 10-15 minutes in class time doing their journal entries over the semester. She reported

Exploratory, Descriptive and Causal Research Essay

Exploratory, Descriptive and Causal Research - Essay Example imarily desires to develop insights into the problem Exploratory research must be an initial research to be conducted to clarify and then define the nature of a problem (Eden, Herrmann and Li, 2004). This is not supposed to provide conclusive evidence and subsequent research is expected. Meanwhile, descriptive research as the name implies, intends to describe the nature of business or market characteristics. It can also be used to produce data (Hughes, 2003), enable researchers to recognize associations among factors of interest. On the other hand, descriptive research cannot explicitly establish causal linkages. Mainly, surveys fall in descriptive research. Similarly, causal research is another type of business research method which aims to discover a cause and effect relationship by generating data beneath controlled conditions. Also it is capable of launching cause and effect between factors with a greater degree of certainty. The objectives as well as the research design and methods of the research problems stated in a-f, are critically analyzed and categorized according to the definition, classification, purpose, characteristics and outcomes of the three (3) research types - exploratory, descriptive and the causal research. 2. There are instances that the business team might want to find out the relationships of particular causal factors to the effects which they are predicting. In this case, they may utilize the causal research process. At the moment causes of the effects which are desired to be predicted will be fully understood, they can invariably improve the ability both to predict as well as to control the corresponding effects (Feldman, 1975). The stage in research by which researcher has to know the responses to the â€Å"why† questions without arriving to precise answers is part of the exploratory study. It is often the initial move in a series of actions that is planned by the marketing team. Exploratory research usually answers research

Maximizing Assessment Practice through Domains, Technology, and Assignment

Maximizing Assessment Practice through Domains, Technology, and Partnerships - Assignment Example From this paper it is clear that the domain also includes the non-verbal communication skills. The language skills developed by children help them express themselves as well as understand other people as they interact with them. In the assessment of the social skills of a learner, the teacher studies how the children view themselves in relation to others. In this assessment, the teacher studies how the child relates to their peers and adults in their environment. This may involve how well they form friendships, behave and fair on as part of a team, the development of their individuality and how they act in response to the feelings of other people. This study discusses that the way children relate to others is a reflection of how they view themselves. As children develop a healthy self-esteem, they develop meaningful social relationships with others. As a teacher, it is necessary to determine how well a learner can do things for themselves. It breeds a form of independence that is nec essary for the development of a child. This involves testing some basic skills such as using the toilet, eating, how well the child can clean themselves among others. Children learn some level of independence if they are left to do some basic things by themselves. This independence is important for the children as they grow towards adulthood. This is a domain of learning that is related to how well a child can coordinate their body parts to do something meaningful. This involves crawling, walking and running.

Critically evaluate the current political and technological drivers Essay

Critically evaluate the current political and technological drivers associated with mitigating CO2 emissions in the UK - Essay Example 78). The carbon dioxide emissions in UK take various forms. These include emissions relating to the production of goods and services produced by the various businesses, emissions from household generation through private motoring and heating, and the emission related to imported goods and services. The carbon dioxide emission reached the peak in 2004, after which it has fallen considerably. Emissions from agriculture and food services have decreased. Some key products groups that have shown an increase in carbon dioxide emissions include the warehousing and imputed rent services, fabricated metal products and the publishing services. The increased emissions from goods and services is related to the increased rate of spending offset by carbon efficiency during production and the shift to low carbon intensive products (Dixon & Bahleda 2008, p. 56). Over the period, the household emissions associated with imports, either for individual consumptions or businesses contribute considerably to the increased carbon dioxide emission in UK. However, the direct absolute emission from the household consumption is relatively constant, with emissions from heating fluctuating depending on the severity of winter. The private motoring increases the level of carbon dioxide emissions due to increased travel by motor cars, which has been offset by the introduction of highly fuel efficient vehicles (Edmunds & Wise 2011, p.90). The emission of carbon dioxide in UK has shown tremendous decrease due to the displacement of coal, which is the main source of carbon emission, with other fuels like electricity and nuclear power. However, there has been annual variation in the level of carbon dioxide emission since 1990s, with no defined upward or downward trend. In 2006, the emission from energy supply was the highest followed by emissions from road transport. Emission from business and household emissions formed the lowest percentage. The emissions from the

Analyse and Evaluate the significance of Fiscal Policy rules Essay Example for Free

Analyse and Evaluate the significance of Fiscal Policy rules Essay L1. Monetary policies are where the government use changes in the base rate of interest to influence the rate of growth of aggregate demand, the money supply and ultimately price inflation. In the short run economic growth is an increase in real GDP, In the long run economic growth is an increase in productive capacity (the maximum output an economy can produce) Economic Stability the avoidance of volatility in economic growth rates, inflation, employment and unemployment and exchange rates. International Competitiveness The ability of an economys firms to compete in international markets and, thereby, sustain increases in national output and income. L2. Monetary policies can be used to promote economic growth, Economic (this stability reduces uncertainty, promotes business, consumer confidence and investment) and International Competitiveness. This causes an ? in AD, which can be good for an economy. For example if a Government ? interest rates, people will have an ? in disposable income, because payments on credit cards will ?, mortgage payments will ? and it is not worth saving due to the reduced rate of interest, meaning they have more to spend on goods and services, thus AD ?. L3. Monetary policies can promote economic growth and stability and international competitiveness as changes in the interest rate affects Domestic Demand (Consumer Expenditure, Investment and Government Spending) and National Demand (Net Exports) via Exchange Rates as when the interest rate ? so the does the currencys strength. So if the rate of interest increases, so does the strength of the pound, meaning that there is an ? in international competitiveness as more economies want to purchase our currency. This causes an ? in AD causing the AD curve to shift to the right, from AD1 to AD2. Causing and ? in employment, ? production and ?economic growth, ?international competitiveness and ?international competitiveness If economic growth becomes too rapid it can also be dampened nby an ? in interest rates causing AD to ? due to the fact that their credit card charges and mortgages have ? and it has become more worthwhile to keep money in the bank and reap the rewards from a higher interest rate rather than spend. So peoples disposable income ?. Monetary Policy can promote economic growth and stability because of the Monetary Policy Transmission mechanism; the way in which Monetary Policy affects inflation rates through the impact it has on other macroeconomic variables. It is said that low and stable rates of inflation provide the framework for economic stability as inflation reduces the purchasing power of money. When the government uses monetary policy to reduce the rate of inflation inflation targeting) they can stop economic stability from becoming unstable as when inflation occurs, and usually wage growth ? there is a danger that inflation will become out of control so much so that producers and consumers are no longer able to use the signalling function so it can become clear what goods and services consumers most want. Inflation targeting makes the consumers and investors more clear about the future and so they know what to expect so they can plan ahead. This can cause an ? in C and I and therefore and ? in AD (shifting the AD curve to the right). The fact that inflation targeting is flexible means it meets the policy target. The government can use Monetary to policy to ? the supply of money, so banks have more money to lend, so it is easier for consumers to take loans so there disposable income ?, this can cause and ? in Consumer Expectations and vestments, causing an ? in AD, ?production, ?international competitiveness, ?employment, ? economic stability and ?economic growth L4. HOWEVER whether the Monetary policy is affective depends on many factors, for example it depends on how big the increase or decrease in interest rate is, a small change could make little or no difference for example if income interest is reduced by 0.00000000000000000000001% then people are unlikely to start spending more and it will have little or no effect on AD. It also depends on when interest rates are changed as to what else is going on in the economy at that time, for example if there is a fiscal policy causing income tax to ? at the same time as a ?in interest rates the affects of the Monetary Policy may be cancelled out by the fiscal policy. It depends on Central Bank bringing creditability to the target as the central bank has to build up a reputation for meeting targets. This can lead to low economic growth being traded off for low inflation in the short run, but not the long run, which is what is needed for an economies economic growth to be sustainable! The Central bank must be good at forecasting inflation, as the Monetary Policy works with time lags, there can sometimes be a two year delay! So the Central bank will have to set today the interest rate to affect the rate of inflation it expects in two years time! For example Inflation targeting has to be guided by forecasts of inflation and all macroeconomic variables that affect inflation. It also costs a great deal to employ people who have the ability to forecast inflation well which could cost a lot to employ someone capable of doing this, this means that it ? costs, which means the possibility of an opportunity cost involved as that money could have been spent on something else for example new hospitals. There can also always be unforeseen circumstances such as unexpected recessions and natural disasters such as the tsunami, this affects the Central Banks ability to deliver economic stability and economic growth as they do not know if they may need to be doing other policies to help these unexpected situations, as they may only be able to do so when the economies conditions are stable. To conclude Monetary rules and Fiscal Policy targets and constraints can promote Economic Growth, Economic Stability and International Competitiveness, however there are many factors to take into account when doing so.

An Analysis of Mexico for Investment

An Analysis of Mexico for Investment Infrastructure and market capabilities and the risks and potential bottlenecks The growth and prosperity of Mexico depends upon various factors. The country is trying to grow through a combination of industrial growth, service sector growth and public welfare measures. All these depend highly on infrastructure and the competitiveness of the country. The country has to develop its infrastructure and complement the growth measures through interventions in the labour market as well as other sectors that keep the competitiveness of the country at par with the counterparts. Infrastructure: Infrastructure is a much needed ingredient for the development of any country. With its leftist leanings, mexico had monopoly over most of the infrastructure areas such as energy, roadways, railways and ports. Recently, we can see the trend changing. Mexico is looking to bring in private investments into some sectors and to reform almost all of the major sectors such as telecommunications and energy. Energy: President Enrique Peà ±a Nieto recently introduced a legislation which is due to be passed in April. Once passed, this would end a 75 year old era of monopoly on oil production. The public oil company Pemex will be more autonomous and will have a greater control over its activities. The government has also given PEMEX permission to create tie ups with private players over the world in order to sharpen the RD in the field of oil related energy research. This move also has an agenda of tapping into the vast reserves of shale gas. The government also introduced more private partnerships in the energy segment apart from oil and natural gas. However, Mexico still has a long way to go in the energy segment and to create a sustainable energy infrastructure. With the growth in a lot of segments demanding high amounts of power, the infrastructure should be able to support the extra demand. Telecommunications: The president has introduced some new regulations in the telecom sector to make it more consumer friendly and economical. The regulations aim at enforcing strict regulations that would reduce the call charges. Plans to double the connectivity in next few years. Introduce foreign investments in telecom sector up to 49%. To control the influence of the three giant telecom companies who currently hold most of the markets Even though such measures are introduced, the infrastructure needs to withstand the increased demand. The services industry and other industries are increasing its dependence on the telecom sector. Transportation Mexico in its recent times have increased its spending on the transportation infrastructure. There is an increase in spending on ports and roadways. The world’s largest cable suspended roadway bridge was constructed in Mexico. The investment into transportation infrastructure is a good sign and takes care of the increased demands due to trade. Labour markets: Mexico has a highly unionized labor population. Most of the workers are a part of one or the other unions. The labour laws are rigid and laabour welfare oriented. Many welfare measures are available for the employees and hence, it creates a condition that is not helpful for the industrial growth. The result is that the cost of labour increases and the competitiveness decreases. In order to grow, Mexico needs to simplify the labour laws to make it more balanced. Unionism is good to protect the rights of the workers but after a limit, it becomes restrictive and impedes growth. Some of the other potential risks or weaknesses are High crime rates. Drug trade and other illegal activities form a major part of economy. Overdependence on USA Weak infrastructure for education, legal and research. High levels of poverty and inequality in the society Financial Environment The financial system of mexico has been stable and moderately strong. The banks have been able to perform well even in the face of crisis situations. Even though there have been changes in the business patterns, the banks have continued to show resilience. The reform measures that have been carried out have increased the stability of the system, develop it and regulate it much better. The frequent crisis has resulted in a better system with respect to risk reduction and regulations. Even though the system has been stable, there are major challenges in the system. Highly integrated with the US economy and its financial system and hence vulnerable to problems in these economies. The credit to private sector and financial intermediation are lower than the average of Latin American counties and other emerging economies. The seven largest banks are accountable for 82% of assets. Five of these banks are subsidiaries of foreign banks. Regulation, supervision and licensing has issues that needs to be sorted. The increasing NPAs in the system would make the banking system weak in future crisis. Organizational and managerial factors in Mexico and the applicability of current management practices The organizational structure in Mexico is highly hierarchical. The employees and the management prefer rigid hierarchical structures for management. The same hierarchy can be seen in the whole decision making process as well. The higher level employees are generally seen as more experienced and hence need to know the operations well. Consulting with a lower level employee is not encouraged. The decisions have to be made by the bosses and the subordinates deliver exactly what is needed, according to the company principles and directives. Disagreements are not expressed publicly. Companies show a paternalistic attitude towards the employees. The country is an extremely relationship oriented country with a fluid time culture. Relationships are given importance over deadlines and they play a crucial part in business decisions and managerial functions. The Mexicans are very flexible in terms of change. But the changes should be slow and well planned. Even though the resistance to change may be low, the fallouts may be large if the change is swift and not so well planned. Collectivism is a phenomenon that is common and teams are given preference over individuals. The current managerial practices are implementable in the country with a few tweaks. However, there are some managerial practices that cannot be implemented easily in Mexico. Flat organizational structures are hard to implement as it would encourage a dilution of hierarchy and a more fluid structure. Being a rigid hierarchical society, the model may not be easily accepted. The Mexican employees work based on clear cut directions. Hence, a business model that encourages self managed work groups or one which requires that the employees have an entrepreneurial mindset may not work well in this culture. The managers have to behave in a more paternalistic nature to gain support and respect from the employees. Even though public dissent and disagreement may not happen, the employees may not respect a manager who does not take care of the welfare of the subordinates.] The business relations have to be based on trust and understanding more than anything else. The business decisions needs to include the nuances of relations and thus should be sensitive towards it. Justification for choosing Mexico Mexico as a country stands out in comparison with its peers in Latin America as well as in the league of emerging nations. The country is a well-balanced economy led by a government who has a solid hold on the macroeconomic policies. These policies and developmental activities have bought the country to a level of self-sustainability. The country has a clear vision for its future. The political stability and the policy uniformity make it a powerhouse of development. Most recently, the Pact for Mexico shows the importance the government gives to development and reforms. The country balances economic development, industrialization, and social welfare very well. The government realized that as the country progresses, it not just needs industries, but also needs a good policy for social welfare. The current health and education related policies showcase this desire to make the people’s lives better. Even though the country falls short on a lot of counts, the future prospects are good. Culturally, socially, economically, financially and politically, the county provides the right mix for growth and prosperity. The proximity to USA and the oil reserves make the country a very high potential destination. In short, the philosophy of the country to grow without compromising on the policies and welfare of the citizens is the reason for the choice.

Bowman’s strategy clock

Bowman’s strategy clock Executive summary The rationale of a chosen topic Tesco is because it is a top UK supermarkets since 1995.Tesco has shown considerable increase in the market and is been rewarded for its performance. In our evaluation of business environment of Tesco in past 5 years we have come to know that it is constantly making improvement in all environmental factors. By doing this models like Porters Five Force Rule, Pest Analysis, SWOT analysis we come to know why Tesco is UKs top supermarket by being focused differentiator. We have explained the successful strategy of Tesco by linking it with Bowmans Strategy Clock which helps us to know the strategy followed by Tesco over the years. Our evaluation on Tesco includes the statistic that proves why Tesco is the Best supermarket in the UK. Our statistic proves the number of customer increase of customers turning in Tesco in previous years. In our conclusion we have showed all this points of Tescos successful strategy and always trying to do something innovative to keep their customer focus because of the changing needs of customers in different cultural environments. Introduction The founder of Tesco was Jack Cohen, he managed to gain a profit of  £1 and sales of  £4 on the day he started with Tesco. Tesco is ranked third in world for largest grocery retailer, with its operations in more than 14 countries. The name Tesco had appeared first in 1924, and its first shop was opened in London. This strategy made them successful and is now the topmost Supermarket in UK. Tesco apart from being one of the largest retailers for food have also embraced the non food products and expanding on household goods, toiletries, electrical items, clothing etc. Strategy of Tesco is to focus on its customers. www.tescoplc.com, (2010) [online] Business environment: Business Environment is the total of all things external to business firms and industries which affect their organisation and operations. (B. Wheeler, 1968) The Environment is anything outside an organisation which may affect organisations present or future activities, thus the Environment is situational and it is unique to each organisation. (J. Kew, J. Stredwick, 2005) Changes that occur within a company are called as internal factors and changes outside the company are called as external factors. This affects the objectives and strategies of the company. PEST Importance The pest analysis tool helps us to understand the growth or decline of the market. It also helps to know about its position, potential and direction of the business. It is basically a business measurement tool. It consists of four main factors they are political, economic, social, technological. Pestle analysis of Tesco Pestle does consist of following factors such as political, economic, social, technology, environmental and legal. Political Political factors of any company has some government instruction and legal formalities and it also defines formal and informal rules. www.quickmba.com, (2010) [Online] The main problem Tesco is facing is recession that is directly affecting Tesco and all other retailers throughout the globe. Because of recession all the countries have to face huge number unemployment but Tesco been the fastest growing retailer might help in reducing the huge amount of unemployment. With the emergence of Tesco in recent years as a grocery retailer has kept them on the list of (OFT) Office of Fair Trading but it is using its strong position in agricultural market. The effect of the public regarding a supermarket in the town centre has grown a future problem in the policies. In order to gain momentum, the community organisation have ignored competition by starting and getting help from its neighbours to boycott other markets and large manufacturers provides support to smaller instead of huge supermarkets like our because of the expenses. After receiving the proposal from European commission regarding selling of goods at a lower price has been cut down this will affect this supermarkets which provide goods at a cheap rate in order to maintain the supremacy. Economic Environment Business Organisations operate in an economic environment which shapes, and is shaped by, their activities. In Market based economies this environment comprises variables which are dynamic, interactive and mobile and which, in part are affected by government in pursuit of its various roles in the Economy. C.Britton, I. Worthington, (2006) These factors are those which reduce the buyers capacity to purchase and also cost on capital. www.quickmba.com, (2010) [Online] The food retail market in UK is quite mature and highly competitive in which Tesco is the largest food sale retailer. Due to recession the food sectors in UK market has been badly affected and the inflation rate has gone negative. There is an increase in globalisation because the domestic market are been saturated and have the desire for their growth through self start, acquisition, franchising and merger. Because of scarcity of land, that is been compounded by the government legislation on the facility of town shopping has made difficult like supermarkets like Tesco to expand their location. Social Environment The social environment handles the graphical and cultural nature of external environment. Which contain of customer needs and size of potential needs. www.quickmba.com, (2010) [Online] The changing lifestyle of the consumers, their trends, their buying patterns and the opinion about the product after the use of the products are the main events that influence the buying trends of the customers in Europe and different countries. Thus Tesco needs to always try to understand what are changing needs of the customers. There is a considerable increase of young professional in the eastern European regions that have the changing trends. Thus Tesco and other retailers need to understand the customer opinion. Therefore the new products which the company wants to develop can be done by keeping a single persons view. The targets of Tesco as said in 2007 are to save carbon emission from all the new stores. Tesco did not only save carbon emissions in their own existing stores but also to distribute in different centres worldwide till 20/20. In the same year the Tesco divided CO2E into the number of goods delivered throughout the world at the end of 2012. Tesco invested around 86 million pounds for saving energy on technology on its stores like energy lightening, wind turbines, efficient bakery Owens and CHP (Combine Heat and Power) and stopping the use of freeze doors. Tesco has provided healthy products to the customers in different ranges like fruit and vegetables. They have also improved in nutritional labelling which helps the public to eat healthier diets. Tesco involved 2.4 million people in Thailand for national aerobics competition in the year 2007 in the same year Czech Republic and Malaysia got people active to raise money for cancer research. Technological Environment Technological factors help us in reduce barriers of entry, influence outsourcing decisions and also help in reducing minimum efficient production level. In 2008 Tesco had build 3 energy efficient stores in the country for testing the new equipments and this idea had intent to rule out across the business. Their first store reduced energy consumption by 29% compared to the original size of Tesco store. In Swansea consumption rate was reduced to 36% and carbon footprints reducing at 50% from the standard size of the store. The Tesco stores have very efficient Owens, refrigerator and energized air conditioners. They use timber instead of steel in their stores in order to reduce embedded carbons. The Tesco is been focused and working hard in order to reduce carbon technology for achieving energy reduction targets for which they have invested more than 65 million pounds in year 2008. Environmental Environment The Tesco was successful in reusing all the plastic trays. These plastic trays were been used to replace cardboard boxes which were been adopted by all over the world in order for safety of products. Tesco was the first UK supermarket to introduce degradable plastic carrier bags. These plastic bags decompose within sixty days into CO2, H2O, mineral matter and bio mass unlike the other plastic carrier bags. The Tesco has also taken steps to ensure the health and safety for products likes fruits, Vegetables and salads. This management scheme was introduced by Tesco in 1992 which concentrates on standard like variety, size, shape, taste and shelf requirements. The nature scheme also involves pollution prevention, use of plant protection products like fertilizers and manures. Re-use and recycle of materials and also to improve the wild life. The Tesco does not test its non food product items on animals. The Tesco contributes 10000 pounds every year in funding replacement of animals which are kept in medical experimentations. This seeks to the end of animal points. Analysis Porters Five Forces: By using porters five forces we are going to investigate the threats of substitutes from supermarkets, the buying capability of purchasing groceries, buying capability of suppliers regarding groceries, last but not the least the buying power of customers. www.321books.co.uk, (2010) [online] Threat from Entry: The pressure exerted from new entry is less and the market entrant cannot get large market share quickly. They get a big setback of cost and in addition they have to cut price on product as well as increase output. With Tesco and other supermarket having an experience of more than 50 years in the business the entry point is very tough. But Tesco and other supermarkets have a very less threat of new entrants because their distribution channel is well established and whoever enters new faces this as their biggest problem. Power of buyer: Tesco is a very huge organisation and they are market disciplined, its other competitors are also disciplined in approach for setting price because of government regulation. The customers have the power to purchase their product from many suppliers but in this industry it is more economic to purchase from retailer instead of many. Power of suppliers: In supermarket industry Tesco has an extreme advantage to dictate the market cost they offer their suppliers; this is because incase they refuse to pay then suppliers have got no one to sell their products. Tesco as a giant retailer does not need a supplier because he has got option of many suppliers but suppliers cannot lose. Tesco who purchases their material in large quantity. Hence power of suppliers is not much in this retail industry. Threat of Substitute: The retail market industry like supermarket there has been a large amount of competitors which makes the rivalry even intense. This intense rivalry makes the substitution force very high. The substitution level is further enhanced with customers having option of switching from one to another supermarket according to their needs. This avenues Tesco to improve its quality and be able to differentiate from its competitors. www.ivythesis.typepad.com, (2010) [online] SWOT Analysis Strength, weakness, Threat and Opportunities Understanding thorough various business models, all companies need several business strategies to run their business in a smooth manner. They follow various methods to do so. One of the major is to analysis the strengths weakness of the company along with the opportunities it has and which may arise in future and the threats which they may face. Strengths Tesco had received the award of being the best Retailer of the year in 2008. Thus they can use as this as a marketing campaign in order for demographic base, helping them to maintain their goal of maintaining substantiality with market growth. Every other retailing market has shown a severe decline in performance growth except Tesco which has shown a considerable increase in sales which is about 13% in UK market and around 26% in International market. Tesco consists of reserve funds on credit couples and those can enjoy the income they get it from in order to increase their business. Weakness Due to the high credit card arrears Tesco had to face bad debts which affected their profit margins greatly. And also house hold insurance claim affected their profit margins further. In some areas Tesco does not have a specialist grocer retail outlet on some products whose advantage can be taken by small retailers. The cost of products is rising and the income of people is very low which can directly affect Tescos message of mid to high ticket price items. Opportunities: Tescos acquisition of doing whatever at any time can help them to explore their stores to Asia and most probably South Korea and also other international retail markets. Tesco is able to maintain its economies of scale because of their high buying power it is ranked 3rd as global grocer in the globe. Tesco has a scope of further enhancement in technological area and also its sales revenue is increased by  ¼ million in 2008. We will see a growth in use of technology as Tesco provides its customers with direct online shopping of products. This is going to be done by launching Pad for non food items at reasonable or huge margin intakes. Threats: The profit margin will be impacted as there is an increase in cost of food and non food products. The needs of the customers are always changing thus Tesco needs to look after their buying pattern and thus needs a good technology to know about it on daily basis. The economies of country like UK and USA have been badly affected which means they will have low income and this will distract them from their main strategic focus. And thus they will need to focus on lower priced based goods or products instead of high priced products. Also some of sources are changing its position to far most areas will affect the margin rate on this product. This in turn will be a loss in margin of sales for Tesco. And Tesco will always be threatened to lose its market position to Wall-mart who can able to provide same means of motive and actions as done by Tesco. Bowman strategy Clock: The Bowmans clock is a way to analyze competitive position of the markets as compared to other competitors. The first step is competitor analysis, the process of identifying, assessing and selecting the key competitors. The second step is developing competitive e marketing strategies that strongly position the company against competitors and give it the greatest possible competitive advantage. P.Kotler, et-al, (2008). There are eight options: Low Price: Tesco being the market leader they have to keep their price on products very less which means low margin. Although Tesco have a low price for all its products but it does focus more on customers then to focus on low pricing to attract customers which is been done aggressively by other competitors. Hybrid: Tesco has a very low price and does take up steps to reinvest in the low price factor and which is one of the reason of its Leadership. The Company make enough efforts to take care of the cycle of reinvestment. Differentiation: Tesco Differentiates itself with their main objective of low price offered to customers with an added value services provided as it keeps in mind the customers their main focus. Focused differentiation: The primary objective of Tesco is focusing their customers and to improve relation with them in order to maintain a good customer loyalty with them, in order to survive in such a high competitive market. The main Steering Wheel of Tesco is its performance in all areas of their business like financial sector, non-food products, telecommunications and new markets to spread their business. The following are some important points as follows: Focusing to be a successful international retailer: Tesco is not only focusing on UK market as their main target but they are also forward in exploring itself in International markets too. They are coming up with opening few outlets in china, Brazil and India as well. Provide customers best service: Tesco is always looking forward to provide a good customer service with added value to its customers in UK market as it being their main aim. They are very good in food as well as non food: Not only very good in non-food market but they are also very good in food market. With increasing demand of fast food products by consumers Tesco has a very good and large section of providing them their needs. Developing retail service: It has always focused on to keep on developing its service sectors for customer loyalty like Tesco Finance, Telecommunication. They have achieved the best retailer of the year Award in 2008 which shows its performance. Earning Customer Loyalty: Is their main aspect of improvement in years of its success. Their scheme of launching loyalty card for its members has given them great results. Its Club Cards have got more than ten million peoples which capture eighty-five percent sales weekly. Implementation of Club Card done by Tesco has increased by 52% in sales and is growing higher then industry average. From there multidimensional customer segmentation with tailored communication in last June shows the number of mails received by it from its customers on their local Grocers .The mailing is been tailored on needs, potential and interest of its Club Card members. Tesco has achieved floor space expansion by 150%. Tesco online transactions are boosted up to 500,000 weekly, with sales of around two billion pounds every year. Conclusion: After researching about the environment of Tesco we have come up with this opinion that the strategies adopted by company are paying off from them. The company is showing a constant graph of their sales and the yearly turnover made by the company. Although company is doing good and is still making profit in the retail market during this recession period but still they are facing few challenges which are been tackled by constant technological enhancements and supported by good strategy. The company is diversifying pretty fast in international market but they are also looking to improve on better customer satisfaction. They stand at number three in the world retail market and have 30% of market share with them. They also have launched a new range of cheaper products to stop deserting of shoppers. They provide shoppers with a discount on buying of more than two items. The most successful story of Tesco is there launch of club card which has encouraged customers to buy and maintain loyal ty. Bibliography: (B. Wheeler, 1968, Business, Harper co) (C. Britton, I. Worthington, 2006, Business Environment, Pearson Education.) (J. Kew, J. Stredwick, (2005), Business environment: Managing in strategic context, CIPD Publishing) (P. Kotler, et-al, (2008), Principles of marketing, Pearsons Education) www.businessteacher.org.uk, (2010) [online], Available from URL http://www.businessteacher.org.uk/business-resources/swot-analysis-database/tesco-swot-analysis/ [Accessed 15 March 2010] www.guardian.co.uk, (2010) [Online], Available from URL http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/jun/16/tesco-sales-losing-market-share [Accessed 5 March 2010] www.ivythesis.typepad.com, (2010) [Online], Available from URL http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/09/porters-five-force-model.html [Accessed 17 March 2010] www.loyalty.vg, (2010) [Online], Available from URL http://www.loyalty.vg/pages/CRM/case_study_14_Tesco.htm [Accessed 15 March 2010] www.modelanswer.co.uk, (2010) [Online], Available from URL http://www.modelanswer.co.uk/business/help/pestle/tescos.php [Accessed 14 March 2010] www.marketingteacher.com, (2010) [Online], Available from URL http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_bowman.htm [Accessed 19 April 2010] www.opapers.com, (2010) [online], Available from URL http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Pest-Tesco/127719?topic [Accessed 17 April 2010] www.tesco-gradutes.com, (2010) [online], Available from URL http://www.tesco-graduates.com/home/about/social-responsibility [Accessed 18 April 2010] www.tesco.com, (2010) [online], Available from URL http://www.tesco.com/csr/downloads/pdf6.pdf [Accessed 19 April 2010] www.tescoplc.com, (2010) [Online], Available from URL http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/about_us/strategy/ [Accessed 14 April 2010] www.tescoplc.com, (2010)[Online], Available from URL http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/about_us/strategy/community/ [Accessed 1 March 2010] www.tescoplc.com,(2010)[online] , Available from URL http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/ir/financials/fiveyearsummary [Accessed 13 March 2010] www.oppapers.com,(2010)[Online] , Available from URL http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Tesco/249648 [Accessed 14 April 2010] www.quickmba.com, (2010)[Online], Available from URL http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/pest/ [Accessed 15 March 2010]

Personal Narrative- Finding Christ Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay

The turmoil of life brought me down many hard paths from which I never fully recovered, until I met Jesus Christ. I could see that I was ending up in the wrong place, and I did not know how to get out of it. I had not been faithful to what was in my heart. I knew I was missing something. I knew I was missing Christ. The summer before I entered high school was filled with memories that I will never forget. I met a woman named Jennifer on the last day of my eighth-grade year. She was the Campus Life Minister for my school. She was concerned with where my life was going. Jennifer had seen me before at the school and she knew that I had a lot of trouble in my life. I was a student who made good grades, but I did not really care about anything. Jennifer pulled me aside one day and asked me if I knew about Jesus Christ. I told her that I did. I was raised a Catholic and I had been taught that Jesus Christ was the Son of God. Jennifer told me that there was more to God than just Him being the Son. She asked if she could meet with me and tell me more. At that point I was really que... Personal Narrative- Finding Christ Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay The turmoil of life brought me down many hard paths from which I never fully recovered, until I met Jesus Christ. I could see that I was ending up in the wrong place, and I did not know how to get out of it. I had not been faithful to what was in my heart. I knew I was missing something. I knew I was missing Christ. The summer before I entered high school was filled with memories that I will never forget. I met a woman named Jennifer on the last day of my eighth-grade year. She was the Campus Life Minister for my school. She was concerned with where my life was going. Jennifer had seen me before at the school and she knew that I had a lot of trouble in my life. I was a student who made good grades, but I did not really care about anything. Jennifer pulled me aside one day and asked me if I knew about Jesus Christ. I told her that I did. I was raised a Catholic and I had been taught that Jesus Christ was the Son of God. Jennifer told me that there was more to God than just Him being the Son. She asked if she could meet with me and tell me more. At that point I was really que...

Forensic Scientists Essay -- Criminal Investigative Laboratories, DNA

â€Å"Even with the reliability of DNA examinations, forensic scientists need additional safeguards to ensure the significance of their findings are not over- or under-interpreted† (Willis, 2011, p77). While laboratory techniques for DNA recovery and profiling are well established in criminal investigative laboratories (Bond, et al, 2007, p129), it can be argued that a possible weakness of the use of national databases are understaffing and/or under training of investigators and laboratory staff. Standardization of testing, analysis, evaluation and result presentation to the courts such as that the jury may understand how many people in the population are possible to match the particular DNA profile. This allows the jury to decide on all information presented to direct judgment (Lincoln, 1997, p26). Walsh et al. derived â€Å"an inferential model for DNA database performance using data from major national DNA database programs in 2010 using the parameters that optimizes desirable database outputs as matches† (Walsh et al., 2010, p1556). Research has taken â€Å"important steps toward identifying measures of performance for forensic DNA database operations† (Walsh et al., 2010, p1556). With the expansion of the national DNA database, hit â€Å"rates will continue to increase as approximately 25,000 to 35,000 new arrestee and convicted offender DNA profiles are entered† monthly (Gabriel et al., 2009, p408). Proper use of national DNA databases will strengthen both laboratory and policy efforts with â€Å"standards that guard against bias and error† (NAS, 2009, p111). Regardless of methods, automation or legislation laboratories and criminal investigators involved in forensic sciences must maintain integrity and professional training to expect credibility... ...f how a sample is deemed suitable for entry into the National DNA Database. For example the FBI Criminal Justice Information Service Division (Wide Area Network) recognizes entry into the NDIS of a forensic profile requires a DNA profile to contain ten or more specific CODIS core loci (FBI, 2011). As of 2010, England maintains authority at a National level under Home Office and National DNA Database Strategy Board (FSS, 2010) to regulate NDNAD entries under seven of 10 core loci requirement. These regulations can often change as technology advances such as that in England new PCR kits allow for testing of 15 loci, and as such if DNA samples are capable of being individualized by an increased number of loci authorities will have to address the possibility of enhanced core loci regulations for entry into national databases, while other countries advance accordingly.

The Benefits and Drawbacks of a Binary Tree Versus a Bushier Tree

Homework 3 4. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of a binary tree versus a bushier tree. The structure of binary is simple than a bushier tree. Each parent node only has two child. It save the storage space. Besides, binary tree may deeper than bushier tree. The result record of binary may not very refine. 5. Construct a classification and regression tree to classify salary based on the other variables. Do as much as you can by hand, before turning to the software. Data: NO. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Staff Sales Management Occupation Service Gender Female Male Male Male Female Male Female Female Male Female Male Age 45 25 33 25 35 26 45 40 30 50 25 Salary $48,000 $25,000 $35,000 $45,000 $65,000 $45,000 $70,000 $50,000 $40,000 $40,000 $25,000 Level Level 3 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 3 Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 2 Level 1 Candidate Splits for t=Root Node Candidate Split 1 2 3 Left Child Node, tL Occupation = Service Occupation = Management Occupation = Sales Right Child Node, tR Occupation = {Management, Sales, Staff} Occupation = {Service, Sales, Staff} Occupation = {Service, Management, Staff} 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Occupation = Staff Gender = Female Age 45 Values of the Components of the Optimality Measure =(s|t) for each candidate split, for the Split PL PR P(L=1|tL) P(L=2|tL) P(L=3|tL) P(L=4|tL) P(L=1|tR) P(L=2|tR) P(L=3|tR) P(L=4|tR) 2PLPR ? (s|t) Root Node 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0. 27 0. 73 0. 33 0. 33 0. 33 0. 00 0. 13 0. 25 0. 38 0. 29 0. 25 0. 40 0. 23 0. 36 0. 64 0. 00 0. 18 0. 82 0. 00 0. 18 0. 82 0. 50 0. 45 0. 55 0. 00 0. 27 0. 73 0. 67 0. 36 0. 64 0. 50 0. 45 0. 55 0. 40 0. 55 0. 45 0. 33 0. 00 0. 50 0. 50 0. 20 0. 00 0. 00 0. 20 0. 33 0. 29 0. 25 0. 20 0. 50 0. 50 0. 00 0. 0 0. 33 0. 50 0. 40 0. 33 0. 29 0. 38 0. 40 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 40 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 14 0. 13 0. 20 0. 29 0. 22 0. 11 0. 33 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 43 0. 22 0. 22 0. 33 0. 38 0. 43 0. 33 0. 20 0. 25 0. 33 1. 00 0. 00 0. 22 0. 22 0. 00 0. 25 0. 29 0. 33 0. 40 0. 25 0. 33 0. 00 0. 46 0. 30 0. 30 0. 50 0. 40 0. 46 0. 93 0. 50 0. 46 0. 40 1. 60 0. 66 0. 26 0. 40 0. 46 0. 53 0. 66 0. 46 0. 46 0. 30 0. 23 0. 26 0. 33 0. 44 0. 33 0. 38 0. 29 0. 33 0. 40 0. 50 0. 33 0. 00 10 0. 64 0. 36 0. 29 11 0. 73 0. 27 0. 25 12 0. 91 0. 09 0. 20 Optimality measure maximized to 0. 6, when occupation=†Management†(Left Branch), occupation=†Service or Sales or Staff†(Right Branch) After the first split, left child has records 4,5,6,7, right child has records 1,2,3,8,9,10,11. Now we split the left child which has records 4,5,6,7. Candidate Split 5 6 7 10 Left Child Node, tL Gender = Male Age 35 Values of the Components of the Optimality Measure =(s|t) for each candidate split, for the Split PL PR P(L=1|tL) P(L=2|tL) P(L=3|tL) P(L=4|tL) P(L=1|tR) P(L=2|tR) P(L=3|tR) P(L=4|tR) 2PLPR ? (s|t) each candidate split, for decision node A 5 6 7 0. 50 0. 50 0. 25 0. 75 0. 50 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 0 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 1. 00 0. 00 0. 50 1. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 33 0. 00 0. 00 0. 67 1. 00 1. 00 0. 38 0. 50 0. 38 0. 50 1. 00 0. 50 1. 00 0. 67 0. 00 0. 33 10 0. 75 0. 25 Optimality measure maximized to 1. 00, when Gender=†Male†(Left Branch), Gender=†Female†(Right Branch) After this split, both left branch and right branch terminate to pure leaf node. The left child has records 4. 6 which value=†Level 3†³ and the right child has record 5,7 which value=†Level 4†³. Now we split the right child of root node which has records 1,2,3,8,9,10,11.Candidate Split 1 3 Left Child Node, tL Occupation = Service Occupation = Sales Right Child Node, tR Occupation = {Sales, Staff} Occupation = {Service, Staff} 4 5 6 8 9 11 12 Occupation = Staff Gender = Female Age 45 Values of the Components of the Optimality Measure =(s|t) for each candidate split, for the Split PL PR P(L=1|tL) P(L=2|tL) P(L=3|tL) P(L=4|tL) P(L=1|tR) P(L=2|tR ) P(L=3|tR) P(L=4|tR) 2PLPR ? (s|t) each candidate split, for decision node B 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 0. 43 0. 57 0. 29 0. 71 0. 29 0. 71 0. 43 0. 57 0. 29 0. 71 0. 43 0. 57 0. 57 0. 43 0. 33 0. 00 0. 50 0. 00 1. 0 0. 67 0. 50 0. 40 0. 33 0. 33 0. 50 0. 33 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 25 0. 40 0. 50 0. 25 0. 00 0. 49 0. 16 0. 40 0. 40 0. 50 0. 60 0. 50 0. 33 0. 50 1. 00 0. 20 0. 40 0. 00 0. 40 0. 50 0. 67 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 41 0. 41 0. 49 0. 41 0. 49 0. 49 0. 41 0. 24 0. 33 0. 33 0. 65 0. 82 0. 65 0. 65 0. 33 0. 33 0. 50 0. 33 0. 00 0. 33 0. 50 0. 40 0. 33 0. 00 0. 67 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 20 0. 33 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 20 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 11 0. 71 0. 29 12 0. 86 0. 14 Optimality measure maximized to 0. 2, when Age†25†³(Right Branch) After this split, the left branch terminates to pure leaf node which has records 2,11 and value=†Level 1†³. The right branch has records 1,3,8,9,10. Now we split th e right child which has records 1,3,8,9,10. Candidate Split Left Child Node, tL Right Child Node, tR 1 3 4 5 8 9 11 12 Occupation = Service Occupation = Sales Occupation = Staff Gender = Female Age 45 Values of the Components of the Optimality Measure =(s|t) for each candidate split, for the Split PL PR P(L=1|tL) P(L=2|tL) P(L=3|tL) P(L=4|tL) P(L=1|tR) P(L=2|tR) P(L=3|tR) P(L=4|tR) 2PLPR ? (s|t) ach candidate split, for decision node C 1 3 4 5 8 9 0. 40 0. 60 0. 40 0. 60 0. 20 0. 80 0. 60 0. 40 0. 20 0. 80 0. 40 0. 60 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 50 0. 50 1. 00 0. 50 0. 50 0. 00 0. 67 0. 00 0. 00 0. 33 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 67 0. 67 0. 50 1. 00 0. 50 0. 33 0. 50 1. 00 0. 33 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 48 0. 48 0. 32 0. 48 0. 32 0. 48 0. 48 0. 32 0. 16 0. 16 0. 32 0. 64 0. 32 0. 64 0. 16 0. 32 0. 33 0. 50 0. 00 0. 50 0. 67 0. 50 0. 00 0. 33 1. 00 1. 00 0. 67 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 11 0. 60 0. 40 12 0. 0 0. 20 Optimality measure maximized to 0. 64, when Gender=†Female†(Left Branch), Gender=†Male†(Right Branch) After this split, the right branch terminates to pure leaf node which has records 3,9 and the value=†Level 2†³. The left branch has records 1,8,9. Now we split the left child which has records 1,8,10. Candidate Split 1 3 4 11 12 Left Child Node,s tL Occupation = Service Occupation = Sales Occupation = Staff Age 45 Values of the Components of the Optimality Measure =(s|t) for each candidate split, for the Split PL PR P(L=1|tL) P(L=2|tL) P(L=3|tL) P(L=4|tL) P(L=1|tR) P(L=2|tR) P(L=3|tR) P(L=4|tR) 2PLPR ? s|t) each candidate split, for decision node D 1 3 4 0. 33 0. 67 0. 00 0. 33 0. 67 0. 00 0. 00 1. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 50 0. 50 0. 00 0. 44 0. 44 0. 00 1. 00 0. 00 0. 00 1. 00 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 50 0. 00 0. 50 1. 00 0. 50 1. 00 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 44 0. 44 0. 44 0. 44 0. 44 0. 89 0. 44 0. 89 0. 33 0. 67 0. 00 11 0. 33 0. 67 0. 00 12 0. 67 0. 33 0. 00 Optimality measure maximized to 0. 89, when Occupation=†Staff†(Left Branch), Occupation=†Service or Sales†(Right Branch) After this split, both the left and right branch terminate to pure leaf node.The left branch has record 10 which value=†Level 2†³ and the right branch has records 1 and 8 which value=†Level 3†³. In summary, we construct the CART tree below, Root Node (All Records) Occupation management vs. not management Occupation=man agement Occupationmanag ement Decision Node A (Records 4,5,6,7 ) Gender=Female Gender=Male Age25 Level 3 (Records 4,6) Level 4 (Records 5,7) Decision Node C (Records 1,3,8,9,10) Gender=Female Decision Node D (Records 1,8,10) Gender=Male Level 2 (Records 3,9) Occupation=Staff Level 3 Occupation=Service or Sales Level 2 (Record 10) Records 1. 8) 6. Construct a C4. 5 decision tree to classify salary based on the other variables. Do as much as you can by hand, before turning to the software. Below is all candidate split and information gain for root node Candidate Split 1 Child Nodes Occupation = Service Occupation = Management Occupation = Sales Occupation = Staff 2 Gender = Female Gender = Male Age 25 Age 26 Age 30 Age 33 7 Age 35 8 Age 40 9 Age 45 0. 19 0. 12 0. 15 0. 38 Information Gain 0. 78 3 0. 55 4 0. 58 5 0. 38 6 0. 38 Candidate split 1 has highest Information Gain=0. 8 bits and chosen for initial split. And the initial split produces four second level decision node, decision node A,B,C and D. Then do the same process again until all leaf nodes have same target class values. The C4. 5 decision tree is below. Root Node(All Records) Occupation=Service, Management, Sales or Staff Occupation=Staff Occupation=Service Occupation= Management Decision Node A (Records 1,2,3) Decision Node B (Records 4,5,6,7) Occupation= Sales Decision Node C (Records 8,9) Decision Node D (Records 10,1 1) Gender=Female Level 4 (Records 5,7)Gender=Male Level 3 (Records 4,6) Gender=Male Gender=Female Gender=Male Level 2 Gender=Female Level 3 (Record 8) Level 2 (Record 9) (Record 10) Level 1 (Record 11) Gender=Female Level 3 (Record 1) Gender=Male Decision Node E (Records 2,3) Age25 Level 1 (Record 2) Level 2 (Record 3) 7. Compare the two decision trees and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of each. In this case, CART tree is deeper than C4. 5 tree. CART algorithm says each node(except left node) can only have two child. But C4. 5 algorithm don't have this restriction. Besides, most of leaf nodes of C4. tree have only one record, it may cause overfitting. 8. Generate the full set of decision rules for the CART decision tree. Antecedent if Occupation = Management and Gender = Male if Occupation = Management and Gender = Female if Occupation = Service, Sales, Staff and Age 25 and Gender = Female if Occupation = Service, Sales and Age ; 25 and Gender = Female if Occupation = Service, S ales, Staff and Age ; 25 and Gender = Male Consequent then Level 3 then Level 4 then Level 1 then Level 2 then Level 3 then Level 2 Support 2 2 2 1 2 2 Confidence 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 9.Generate the full set of decision rules for the C4. 5 decision tree. Antecedent if Occupation = Service and Gender = Female if Occupation = Service and Gender = Male and Age 25 if Occupation = Management and Gender = Female if Occupation = Management and Gender = Male if Occupation = Sales and Gender = Female if Occupation = Sales and Gender = Male if Occupation = Staff and Gender = Female if Occupation = Staff and Gender = Male Consequent then Level 3 then Level 1 then Level 2 then Level 4 then Level 3 then Level 3 then Level 2 then Level 2 then Level 1 Support 1/11 1/11 1/11 2/11 2/11 /11 1/11 1/11 1/11 Confidence 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 10. Compare the two sets of decision rules and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of each. CART only has two branches, support is mor e than C4. 5, that is to say the result is not very refine. It is deeper than other trees most of the time. But it is easy to interpret. C4. 5 can have several branches. Support of C4. 5 is less than CART. The result is more accurate.

Individual Assignment Collecting Data Essay

Resource: University of Phoenix Material: Case Study Scenarios located on the student website. Select and review a case study scenario from the University of Phoenix Material: Case Study Scenarios located on the student website. Feel free to embellish the scenario with additional details, as needed. Complete the New Referral or Inquiry Form based on your selected case study scenario. Write a 350- to 700-word paper in Microsoft ® Word in which you discuss the importance of collecting appropriate data for intake and assessment forms.   Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Saying no to things that make you uncomfortable is just as important in college as it was when you lived with your parents. Many students experiment with alcohol or sex during their college years, but if you don’t want to do these things, don’t let anyone pressure you into them. Your college experience should be about having fun, exploring who you are and preparing for your future via your classes–not about doing things you don’t truly want to do. This pack includes BSHS 405 Week 2 Individual Assignment Collecting Data Business – Management Resource: University of Phoenix Material: Case Study Scenarios located on the student website.   Select and review a case study scenario from the University of Phoenix Material: Case Study Scenarios located on the student website. Feel free to embellish the scenario with additional details, as needed. Complete the New Referral or Inquiry Form based on your selected case study scenario. Write a 350- to 700-word paper in Microsoft ® Word in which you discuss the importance of collecting appropriate data for intake and assessment forms.   Format your paper consistent with APA guidel†¦ To get this material Click this link – https://bitly.com/12BY8mO Saying no to things that make you uncomfortable is just as important in college as it was when you lived with your parents. Many students experiment with alcohol or sex during their college years, but if you don’t want to do these things, don’t let anyone pressure you into them. Your college experience should be about having fun, exploring who you are and preparing for your future via your classes–not about doing things you don’t truly want to do. Business – Management Resource: University of Phoenix Material: Case Study Scenarios located on the student website. Select and review a case study scenario from the University of Phoenix Material: Case Study Scenarios located on the student website. Feel free to embellish the scenario with additional details, as needed. Complete the New Referral or Inquiry Form based on your selected case study scenario. Write a 350- to 700-word paper in Microsoft ® Word in which you discuss the importance of collecting appropriate data for intake and assessment forms.   Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

Cultural Attitudes Toward Prolonging Life Essay

A 25-year-old woman is dying of cancer. She has asked the â€Å"no extreme procedures be used to prolong life.† She is now comatose and can be kept alive only with machines. How would you decide whether her will should be respected? This question was given in class and the majority of my group responded that they would not go to any extreme measures to keep the 25-year-old woman alive. The majority of the group reasons were that it was her will and if that what she wanted then that’s what should happen. Another reason my group decided to go along with the woman’s will is the fact that medical procedures are very costly. One more reason my group decided to go along with the woman’s will is because she is suffering from an illness and it would be in her best interest not to have to suffer anymore. Although the majority of the group decided no to go to any extremes to prolong her life, I decided not to give up on life. I know that it might sound selfish on my part but life is a very special gift. My grandfather was a victim of cancer and he, despite all of the suffering he endured, wanted to stay alive for as long as he could. He wanted to remain a strong influence on how is family viewed life. Through the radiation treatments and constants visits to doctors he never gave up on his life. I can remember him saying â€Å"Baby I’m sick but I’m here with you and it makes the pain seem a bit more bearable.† Through this I learned never to give up on life even when it seem like there is no hope left.

Environmental Protection Essay

Environmental protection is an increasingly pressing issue all over the world. Ozone depletion, green house effect, global climate changes or global warming, etc, are the main issues in environment. Recent years, many countries and various organizations have paid more attention into environmental protection. A treaty about global environmental protection was discussed by 192 nations in Copenhagen in December 2011. But I fell every individual on this earth should make sacrifices to prevent environment changes. Yes it is the need of the hour. We should protect the world for the future generations. Why? It is because of mans greed he has the once beahtiful earth into a rubbish of Earth. He has increased his numbers to terrible proportions, has caused the death of hundreds of species of animals, has robbed and destroyed the planet in his search for fuels; now he stands, like a violent, spoilt child, delighted at the speed of his rise to power, It is he who is on the edge of the final mass destruction and of killing all the life which exists in the solar system. The Earth is our home but much of it is dirty and dying. Rapid industrial development caused a lot of ecological problems. They are: air pollution, water pollution, growth of population and shortage of mineral resources. Air becomes polluted with Cars, trucks, buses, airplanes, factories and plants send burnt gases into the air. The production of electricity causes not only air pollution but acid rains and global warming. Because of acid rains the Earth losses twenty million acres of tropical rainforests every year. This means the extinction of thousands of species that live there, for example tigers. Only 67 thousand tigers remain. Tigers are hunted and killed for their body parts. Ozone layer is destroyed too and the dangerous rays get through the atmosphere causing skin cancer and other diseases. Most of the air pollutants directly affect the respiratory and cardiovascular systems Nitrogen dioxide and ozone also effect the respiratory system, irritate the eyes, nose and throat and headaches. Carbon monoxide is able to displace oxygen in the blood which in turn can result in cardiovascular and neurological effects. Lead affects bone narrow, impairs liver and kidney function, causes neurological damage and also causes mental retardation in children. Oceans are vital for the life on Earth. We need to protect it. They provide homes for millions of plants and animals, provide people with food and help regulate the climate. But now they are a big dumping ground for tons of toxic waste. Most big cities pour their waste into seas and rivers. Water pollution is due to mixture of dirt, sewage and industrial waste , increased use of fertilizers and insecticides that seep through the earth and pollute the ground water As a result, there are numerous health problems like dysentery, cholera and paratyphoid fever. Noise pollution is yet another problem that the researchers say causes ulcers, abortions, cardiovascular diseases and hypertension besides several mental disorders. Checking of environmental pollution has been absolutely necessary. if it is not checked, the earth will become a graveyard. So we must give due attention to protect it from our own abuses. We must have balanced and planned industrial growth in order to check thin pollution. Towns and cities should be planned very carefully and stress should be given on planting of more trees. I would like to dwell on practical measures which must be taken in order to improve the ecological situation: -the factories must be removed from cities; -have balanced and planned industrial growth -purifying systems for cleaning and trapping harmful substances must be widely used; -green zones must be created by planting more trees. -almost everything is recyclable today – recycling is a great way to reduce waste. We need clean air to breathe and pure water to drink. So we have to prevent disposal of toxic waste and nuclear tests. I feel formal education programmed should be provided and implemented for the environ ­mental protection We need to conserve resources like water by planting rain water harvest in our houses Earth is the only planet endowed with a beautiful environment for man to live We should pass it on to our future generation as their legacy. Protect our earth today for our children tomorrow.

Ethical Consideration Project

The health care delivery system is constantly changing it will continue to impact the kinds of services that are provided by religiously affiliated institutions. The pursuit of increased health care coverage and access at decreased cost will undoubtedly result in market and legal pressure on Catholic sponsored hospitals that provide health care, because it would contravene their ethical, moral, and religious principles. Currently, the law does not compel religious institutions to provide care that does not comport with their beliefs this is a means that has to stop especially concerning the well-being of the patient. This continual evolution of ethical, moral, and religious health care delivery, however, threatens to diminish, if not completely shut down the ability of these sectarian hospitals to maintain control over the kinds of medical care that they provide. Specifically, in this era pervasive federal and state regulations of health care delivery will put pressure on religious providers to give care even if it is against their philosophical foundation or they will risk the chance of going out of business because of the lack of government funding like Medicare and Medicaid. The states pursuit of reform and the provisional requirement of health care services are now increasing even more, hospitals are now more reliant on government funding so there is a tension between Catholic hospital and government to give patients the proper care that is needed which is not based on moral beliefs. Because Catholic hospitals frequently cite religious, and moral beliefs as the bases for rejecting patient demands for abortion, and in this case the morning after pill as discussed in the Brownfield case this looming conflict between religious freedom and patient access for care will continue to grow. This growing conflict has brought difficulty to the legal, social, and to the policy makers who must attempt to resolve this issue. In the Brownfield case the morning-after pill prevents fertilization or inhibits implantation of the fertilized egg. A rape victim should have the necessary treatment available or get referred to another hospital and in an event that they are not given the proper treatment they should have a viable claim for medical malpractice. I agree with the decision that was made by the judge and here is my reasoning. If the morning after pill is given to a rape victim it stops the attachment of a fetus which was conceived under a vicious crime which would not be considered an abortion since the morning after pill has prevented the attachment. I think that it is a patient’s right to control their own health care and that this should prevail over any hospitals moral and religious convictions, because we as patients need to know what is available and the best treatment out there to insure our well-being.